male gamete malformation-crystal malignite malladrite mallardite malleability malleable mineral malleolus Malm Epoch malm stone maltha; mineral tar Malus mamanite mamelon; mameron mamma; mammatus mammalia mammalogy mammary gland mammato-cumulus mammilated surface mammillary structure manandonite manasseite Manchurichthys Manchuriella Manchurochelys mandatory layer mandatory level mandatory surface mandelstone mandible mandschurite Mandschurosaurus Manebach twin manganblende mangan brucite mangan chlorite mangan epidote mangan spar manganandalusite manganapatite manganaxinite mangancolumbite mangandolomite manganese manganese alum manganese amphibole manganese dating method manganese epidote manganese [aluminium] garnet manganese garnet syenite manganese nodule manganese ocher manganese ore manganese ore deposit manganese pyroxene manganese spar manganese vitriol manganese zinc pyroxene manganese zinc spar manganese-anorthite manganese-cordierite manganese-gehlenite manganesian garnet mangan-fluorapatite manganhedenbergite manganite mangankoninckite manganleonite manganludwigite mangan-magnetite mangan-melanterite mangan-niobite; manganocolumbite manganocalcite manganochromite manganonatrolite manganopectolite mangan-othite manganosiderite manganosite manganostibnite manganostilphomelane; parsettensite manganotantalite manganotremolite manganoxyapatite manganpectolite manganpyrosmalite manganspinel mangerite mangerite facies mangerite porphyrite mangrove mangrove coast mangrove swamp manha Manis manjak manjiroite mannah massif manometer manoxylic manticoceras manticoceras intumescems mantle mantle cavity mantle convection mantle convection theory mantle fold mantle line; pallial line mantle rock; regolith mantle surface wave mantle-core discontinuity Manto series many-body problem map map compilation map interpnetation map manuscript map of flow lines map of isolines map projection map reproduction map scale Mapa man Maping series mapping Marattia Marattiopsis marble marburgite marcasite; marchasite marceline; marcelline Marcellus marchite marcylite mare marekanite mares' tails mareugite margalitic soil margarite margarodite marginal arc marginal assimilation marginal border marginal crevasse marginal deep marginal deposit marginal drainage marginal facies marginal fissure marginal furrow marginal fracture marginal joint marginal lagoon marginal lake marginal land marginal maraine marginal peneplain marginal plain marginal plateau marginal platform marginal ray marginal pore marginal scarp marginal schistosity marginal sea marginal swell marginal terrace marginal texture marginal thrust marginal trench marginal vibration marginal zone margination texture Marginifera Margules's equation marialite marienbergite marignacite Marignac's salt marigraph marine accumulation marine air marine arch marine atmosphere marine barometer marine bed marine bench marine biogeographical region marine clay marine climate marine climatology marine denudation marine deposit marine deposition marine desert marine ecology marine environment marine erosion marine facies marine facies clastic bed marine geology marine levee marine marsh; salt marsh marine meteorology marine microbiology marine middle latitude climate marine paleontology marine peneplain marine placer marine plain marine planation marine progressive overlap marine rainbow marine resource marine science marine sediments marine snow marine soil marine strath marine swamp marine terrace marine till marine transgression marine transportation marine weather observation marine-built terrace marine-cut terrace Mariopteris Mariotte's law mariposite maritime airvmass maritime climate maritime equatorial air mass Maritime pacific air mass maritime tropical air mass maritime tundra maritime plant maritime-continental contrasts maritime meteorology mariupolite mark marker bed; key bed; marker horizon markfieldite markle basalt marl marl slate marl[y] soil marlaceous chalk marlite marloesite marly facies marly ooze marmarosis marmolite marosite Mars Marsden chart marscoite marsh marsh gas marsh land marsh plant marsh soil marshite Marsh's test Marsupialia Martellia Martian magnetic field Martinia martinite martite marundite marvin sunshine recorder masanite masanophyre mascagnin; maseagnite masculine ruby mash massicotite mass mass conservation mass deficiency mass exfoliation mass extinction mass function mass mortality mass movement mass number mass property mass sliding mass spectrum mass spectrum scope mass spectrometer mass spectrometric analysis mass surplus mass susceptibility mass transfer mass transport mass wasting massafuerite massicot; massicotite massif massive colony massive eruption massive lava massive limonite massive mountain massive ore massive replacement massive rock massive structure massive sulfide massive volcano mass-luminosity curve master joint master recession curve master river Mastodon Mastodonsaurus masuyite mat surface; frosted surface matching coastlines material material coordinates material derivative mathematical climate mathematical geography mathematical model matildite matinal matlockite matrix Matsuyama Reversed Polarity Epoch matte matter matterhorn matteuccite mature mature conglomerate mature karst mature profile mature mountain mature river mature shoreline mature stage mature topography mature valley maturely dissected plain maturity maturity index maturity plain maturity stage Mauch Chaunk Series maucherite mavinite maxilla maxima of regular waves in the principal phase maxima of wave of the end portion maximal phase maximum acceleration of vibrations maximum amplitude maximum and minimum thermometer maximum capillary water capacity maximum depth maximum extension maximum moisture capacity maximum perigee spring tide maximum possible precipitation maximum precipitation maximum shear strain maximum shear stress maximum tangential stress maximum water-holding capacity maximum zonal westerlies maximum-wind topography Maxwell theory maxwellian radiation Mayumbe belt mazapilite Md¡F phi median diameter meadow podzol meadow soil meager feeling mean mean anomaly mean basin area mean deviation mean distance mean diurnal motion mean ecliptic mean elevation of basin mean equator mean equatorial day mean equinox mean high water mean high water interval mean high-water neap mean high-water spring mean higher high water mean land level meanline mean longitude mean low water mean low water neap mean low water spring mean lower low water mean lunar day mean motion mean noon mean obliquity mean parallax mean polar axis mean position mean range mean refraction mean relief ratio of basin mean sea depth mean sea level; MSL mean sidereal time mean size mean slope of basin mean solar day mean solar time mean solar year mean sphericity mean stream length mean stress mean sun mean synodic lunar month mean time mean water level meander meander bar meander belt meander core meander cutoff meander index meander lobe meander loop meander neck meander radius meander scar meander scarp meander scroll meander terrace meandering forms meanderoid corallum measure measurement measurement of [atmosphere] electric fields mechanical analysis mechanical composition mechanical concentration mechanical constituent mechanical deposit mechanical disintegration mechanical dislocation mechanical eluviation mechanical isolation mechanical registration mechanical sediments mechanical segregation mechanical seismograph mechanical stage mechanical twin; glide twin mechanical twinning mechanical weathering mechanism mechernichite Meckels cartilage Mecoptera medamaite medial moraine medial pseudomoraine medial saddle median median diameter median fold median furrow median lamella median layer median lobe median magnitude median node median particle diameter median photographic magnitude median ridge median septum median sinus median sulcus median surface median tectonic line of inner zone median tectonic zone median ventral septum medical geology medicinal spring mediiphyvic texture Medinan series mediocris mediolittoral zone mediophyric texture mediosilicic rock mediterranean climate mediterranean sea Mediterranean suite Mediterranean volcanic zone medium medium sand medium scale medium septum medium-grained texture medium-range forecast medmontite medulla oblongata Medullosa medusa Meekella Meekoceras meerschaum megayear megaanticlinorium megabar megabasite megabios megacells Megaceros; Megaloceras Megachiroptera megacycle megadyne megaevolution megafossil megagamete megagametophyte Megalithic age Megalobatrachus megaloplankton Megaloptera Megalosaurus megalospheric form; megaspheric form megameter Meganeura Meganthropus palaeajavanicus meganticlinoria megaparsec megaphenocryst megaphyric texture megaripple megascleres megascopic classification; macroscopic classification megaseism megashear megaspheric form; megalospheric form megasporangium megaspore megasporophyll megasynclinoria megasynclinorium megatectonics Megatherium megathyrid megavarve megger meiobenthos meionite meiopaleontology meiophyllous plant; microphyllous plant meizoseismal area meizoseismal curve mela-basalt melaconisa; melaconise; melaconite meladiabase meladiorite melagabbro melagabbro-porphyry melagranodiorite mela-kalisyenite melanite melanite-nepheline syenite melanite-phonolite melanocerite melanochalcite melanochroite melanocrate melanocratic rock melanophlogite melanorite melanosiderite melanostibite melanotekite melanovanadite melanteria; green vitriol melanterite; iron vitriol melaphyre melaphyre basalt melaphyre porphyry melaphyre-ash-tuff melarhyodacite melasilexite melasyenite melasyenodiorite melasyenogabbro melatonalite melatope melfite melilite humboldtilite melilite ankaratrite melilite etindite melilite fasinite melilite italite melilite nepheline basalt melilite-leucitite melilitholihe melilitite melioration meliphanite mellite mellowsoil melnikovite-marcasite melnikovite-pyrite melonite melt retardation melteigite melteigite carbonatite meltemia melting melting curve melting level melting point member meviaccanite mendelerium Mendelism mendip mendipite mendozite meneghinite Mengyin series menilite meniscus Menophyllum Mensa; Table Mountain Mentoukou series Menyanthes trifoliata Mercalli scale mercallite Mercators modified conical projection mercuric fahlore; mercury fahlore; mercurial tetrahedrite mercuric ore; mercury ore Mercury mercury mercury barometer mercury (mercuric) blende mercury deposit mercury tube seismometer mercury horizon mercury salt meridian meridian circle meridian photometer meridian transit meridional cell meridional depression meridional flow meridional front meridional index meridional plane meridional wind Meristella merocrystalline texture merohedral form merohedric form merohedrism meromictic lake meronekton meroplankton merostaxia Merostomata merosymmetric merosymmetry merrillite merumite merwinite Merycoidodon gracilis Meryhippus mesa mesenchyme mesentery mesh Mesichthys mesitite; mesitine; mesitine spar Mesoblastus Meso-Cathaysia mesoclimate Mesocormophyta mesocrate mesocrystalline texture mesoderm Mesogastropoda mesogeosyncline mesogeia mesogneiss Mesohippus mesoiden mesokortosis mesolithic age Mesolobus meson Mesonyx mesopause mesopegmatophyre mesopelagic orgamsin mesophyte Mesophytic Era mesopore Mesoproterozoic era Mesophyllum Mesosaurus mesoscopic structural analysis mesosiderite mesosilexite mesosphere mesostructure; mesoscopic structure Mesosuchia mesothyrid mesotil mesotourmalite mesotrophic lake mesotype Mesozoic Mesozoic downwarping Mesozoic era Mesozoic group Mesozoic orogeny mesozone messelite messenger mestigmerite meta alunogen meta-autunite metabasaluminite metabasite metabentonite metablastesis metabolism metabolite metabrushite metacarpus (metacarpal bone) metachronism metacinnabarite; metacinnaber metaclase metaclase cleavage metacolloid metacone metaconid metaconule metacristobalite metacarpal bone metacryst metacrystal inclusion metadiabase metadiorite metagabbro metagenic deposit metagenic twin metagneiss metagreywacke Metagymnospermae metahewettite metahohmannite metakaolinite metal metal age metal crown metal factor metal scoop metal template method metalimnion metallic bond metallic color metallic line metallic luster metallic mineral metallic ore deposit metalliferous ore metalliferous unit metalliferous vein metallization metallogenesis metallogenetic element metallogenetic epoch metallogenetic province; metallogenic province metallogenic factor metallogenic map metallogenic unit metallogeny metallographic study metallography metalloid metallometry metallotect metallourgy metaloparite metaluminous rocks metaluminous type metamerisation metamerism metamict metamict mineral metamorphic aureole metamorphic belt metamorphic differentiation metamorphic differentiation theory metamorphic diffusion metamorphic fabric metamorphic facies metamorphic facies series metamorphic formation metamorphic grade metamorphic reaction metamorphic rock metamorphic zone metamorphism metamorphosis Metamynodon metaorogeny Metaorthis metahydroboracite metarhyolite metaripple metarossite meta-saleeite metasalt metasanidine metasedimentary rock metasediments Metasequoia metasicula metasideronatrite metasomatic deposit metasomatic pseudomorph metasomatic rock; metasematite metasomatic skarn metasomatic vein metasomatist; transformist metasomatite; metasomatic rock metasome metastable metastable composition metastable mineral metastasis metatarsus metatectonic metatexis metatexite metathenardite Metatheria metathomsonite; epithomsonite metatorbernite metatype meta-uvanopilite metavariscite metavauxite mecavoltaite metavoltine; metavoltite; metavoltaite metazeolite metazeunerite Metazoa meteor meteor crater meteor shower meteor trail meteoric hypothesis meteoric iron meteoric stone meteoric water meteoric water theory meteorite meteorite age meteorite crater meteorite flux meteoritic optical activity meteoroid meteorologic oceanography meteorologic sea level meteorologic tide meteorological acoustics meteorological cycle meteorological data meteorological equator meteorological instrument meteorological noise meteorological observation meteorological observing network meteorological optics meteorological range meteorological region meteorological station meteorological stress meteorological symbol meteorology meteorotropic disease meteorotropism meter; metre meter candle methane methanol method by independent model method for determining refractive index method of intersection method of least squares method of perturbation method of radiation method of small perturbation method of successive approximations methylene diiodide methylene iodide Metonic cycle meroplankton metavariscite; cllinovariscite metric system metric variation Metriophyllum meyerhofferite mgal; milligal miagite miargyrite miarolite miarolitic structure miarolitic cavity miascite; miaskite mica mica book micaceous hematite; mica hematite mica deposit mica group mica lattice orientation mica plate mica-andesite mica-basalt micaceous iron ore micaceous sandstone micaceous shale micaceous structure mica-dacite micanite mica-norite micaphyre mica-schist mica-slate micatization micelle Michelinia micrite; microcrystalline calcite ooze microanalysis microatoll microaphanitic texture microbaroms microbenthos microbiology microbios microbiostratigraphy Microbrachis microbreccia microchemical test microchemical-analysis microchemistry Microchiroptera microclastic texture microclimate microclimatology microcline microcline nepheline syenite microcline perthite microcline structure microcline syenite microcline twinning microcline-albite series microclinite microconcretion microcontinent microcoquina microcosmic salt; streorite microcosmic salt bead reaction microcryptocrystalline texture microcrystalline texture micro-dunhamite; dunhamite microearthquake microelement microeutaxitic texture microevolution microfault microfelsite microfelsitic microflaser structure micro-flora microfluidal texture; microfluxion texture microfoliation microfossil microfossil flora microgamete microgametophyte microgeomorphology microgranite microgranitic texture microgranitoid microgranodiorite micro-granophyric texture microgranular texture micro-granular calcareous algae micro-granular test micrographic intergrowth micrographic texture microlagoon microlapies microlite microlith microlithon microlitic texture micrologging micromesh micrometer micrometeorite micrometeorite infall micrometeoroid micrometeorology Micromitra micro-mud micron micro-nutrient microorganism micropalaeobotany micropalasontology micropegmatite micropegmatitic texture microperthite microphenocryst microphitic texture microphysiography microplankton microplant fossil Microplasma micropluviometer micropoikilitic microporphyritic Micropygous micropyle microrelief micro-relief topography Microsauria microscleres microscope microscope hardness tester microscope photometer microscopic fabric microscopic petrography microscopic structure; microstructure microscopic structural analysis microseismic activity microseismic barrier microseismic movement microseismic theory microseismograph microseismometer microseisms microsommite microsphaeric form microspheric microspherulitic texture microsporangium microspore microsporophyll microsporophyte microstratification microstylolite microtectonics microtinite microtome microtopography; microrelief topography micro-tremor microvibrograph microwave radiation microwave refractometer microphyric texture microzone mid-ocean ridge mid-axial valley midbay bar middle cloud middle ear Middle Holocene transgression middle latitude middle latitude climate middle layer middle limb; middle wing middle mountain middle tooth (cardinal tooth) mid-latitude season mid-latitude west wind midnight sun midnight wind mid-ocean canyon mid-ocean plateau mid-ocean ridge; mid-oceanic ridge mid-ocean rift [valley] mid-ocean volcanic belt mid-oceanic island mid-oceanic seismic zone Mie scattering Mie scattering theory Mie theory mienite miersite migma migmatite migmatite front migmatization migration migration of divide migration of geosyncline migration of organisms migration of orogenic zone migration of valley migratory dune miharaite mijakite; miyakite milarite mild humus mile miliolite milipore-filter military geology milk ice milk opal; milky opal milk-stone milky quartz Milky way milky weather Millepora millerite; nickel pyrite millet-seed sand millibar milli-micron millisite millstone grit millstone-quartzite miloschite miltonite Mimella mimesite mimetesite; mimetite mimetic crystallization mimetic crystals mimetic twinning mimicry mimoceracone mimophyre mimosite minal minasragrite Mincheh movement Mindel Mindel glacial age; Mindel glaciation Mindel-Riss mine mine crater mineral mineral assemblage mineral bloom mineral chemistry mineral cleavage mineral coke mineral composition mineral deposit mineral facies mineral kingdom mineral of rare metal mineral paint mineral physics mineral pitch; asphalt mineral potential mineral rock mineral separation mineral soil mineral species mineral spring mineral stability mineral stability series mineral synthesis mineral technology mineral varnish mineral vein mineral water mineral wax mineral well mineral zone mineralight mineralization mineralization period mineralized limestone mineralized tissue mineralizer; mineralizing agent mineralizing fault mineralogical phase rule mineralogy mineraloid mineral product minerogentic epoch minerogentic province minervite minette minettefels minimal flight minimal heading minette-felsite miniature lagoon minimum deviation minimum ionizing speed minimum pendulum minimum substance minimum time path mining mining geology minium; red lead minophyric texture minor accessories minor axis minor [river] bed minor control minor control survey system minor drag minor element minor fault minor fold minor glacial age minor intrusive minor irreqularities minor nutrient element; rarer essential element; miner element; trace element minor planet minor limit minor lobe minor ridge minor sea breeze minor semi-axis minor septum minor shock minor structure minor trough minus mineral minute folding minute mark; minute time-mark minute of arc minverite minyulite Miobatrachus Miocene Miocene epoch miogeanticlinal ridge miogeosynclinal complex miogeosynclinal furrow miogeosynclinal realm miogeosynclinal zone miogeosyncline Miohippus mirabilite mirage mire mirror image mirror nephoscope MIscanthus miscibility MIsellina misenite miserite misfit meander misfit river; inadapted river miskeyite mispickel arsenopyrite missing link Mississippian period missourite mist mist droplet mistbow mistral mitgjorn mitre fold; miter fold mitscherlichite mix-crystal; mixed crystal mixed base crude oil mixed cloud mixed cone mixed continental and marine deposit mixed current mixed eruption mixed explosion mixed fossil assemblage mixed gas mixed spring mixed layer mixed nucleus mixed perturbations mixed tide mixed type mixed-layer clay mineral mixed-layer mineral mixer mixing mixing coefficient mixing length mixing of soil mixing ratio mixing rule mixite Mixodectoidea mixolimnion mizzle mizzonite moat moatlike fault moazagotl cloud mobile belt mobility mobility principle mobilization mobilizer Moby Dick ballon mocha stone mock lead; sphalerite; mock ore mock moon mock sun modal variety mode (C.I.P.W.) mode mode of eruption model model crystal moderate breeze moderate gale moderate rain moderate relief moderate sea moderate sea deposit; bathyal deposit moderate structure moderately sorted moderately strong earthquake modern man modification Modiolopsis modlibovite modulation modulator modulus modulus of compression; modulus of compressibility modulus of elasticity modulus of rigidity modumite Moeller chart Moeritherium mofette MOgel-Dellinger effect Moho discontinuity Mohole project Mohoravicic discontinuity; Mohe discontinuity Mohs scale of hardness Moinian system moire pattern mosissanite moist adiabat moist air moist climate moist soil moist subhumid climate moist tongue moist-adiabatic lapse rate moisture adjustment moisture moisture content moisture equivalent moisture index moisture inversion moisture sorption curve moisture stress moisture tension molality molar heat molar volume molarization molasse molasse basin molasse facies molasse type mold; mould mold rains moldavite; moldovite mole mole burrow molecular attraction theory molecular bond molecular compound molecular conduction molecular diffusion molecular formula molecular heat molecular number molecular proportion molecular ray molecular sieving reaction molecular solution molecular stress molecular susceptibilities molecular theory molecular valence angle molecular viscosity molecular weight molecule molengraafite molibdomenite; molybdomenite Moll thermpile mollisol mollition molluss Mollusca Mollweide projection molten magma molten rock molting; ecdysis molybdate molybdenite molybdenum molybdenum deposit molybdenum mineral molybdenum ore molybdenum steel molybdic ocher; molybdite molybdophyllite molybdoscheelite molysite moment moment measure moment of inertia momentum momentum exchange momentum-transport hypothesis monacite; monazite Monactinellida monadnock; restberg monaxial crystal; optic uniaxial crystal monaxon; uniaxial spicule Monaxonida monchiquite mondhaldeite monetite Mongoloid Mongolosauras monimolimnion monimolite monistic theory of solar system Monjurosuchus monmouthite mono-ascendant vein monoaxial interference figure Monobathra monocentric evolution Monoceros; Unicorn monochromatic light monochromatic radiation monochromatic X ray monochromator monochronogenous monoclinal block monoclinal fault monoclinal faulting monoclinal flexure monoclinal fold monoclinal fold scarp monoclinal folded structure monoclinal ridge monoclinal scarp monoclinal shifting monoclinal spring monoclinal stratum monoclinal valley monoclinal warping monocline monoclinic albite monoclinic antihemihedron monoclinic base monoclinic clinoprism monoclinic clinopyramid monoclinic domatic hemihedrism monoclinic fabric monoclinic feldspar monoclinic hemibase monoclinic hemidome monoclinic hemihedral class monoclinic hemimorphic class monoclinic hemimorphic form monoclinic hemimorphic hemihedral class monoclinic hemipinacoid monoclinic hemiprism monoclinic holohedral class monoclinic prism monoclinic prismatic class monoclinic pyramid monoclinic pyroxene monoclinic sphenoidal class monoclinic sulfur monoclinic system monoclinic unit prism monoclinic unit pyramid Monoclonius monocomparator Monocotyledones Monocyatha monocyclic crinoids monocyclic orogenesis monodon monogene rock monogene volcano; monogenetic volcano monogenetic chain monogenetic conglomerate monogenetic peneplain monogenetic soil monogeosyncline monograph Monograptidae Monograptus monolete suture monolith monomict deposit monomict rock monomictic lake monomineralic rock Monomyaria monoparagentsis monophagous monophasic orogenic cycle monophiodont monophyletic theory monophyletic evolution Monophyllites Monoplacophora monosymmetric dispersion monosymmetric dispersion of interference colors monosymmetric faces monosymmetric system Monotremata monotropy monotropic transition monotypic species monotype monovariant system monsoon monsoon climate monsoon current monsoon fog monsoonal rain monsoonal season monsoon-type circulation Mont Blanc ruby montanite montebrasite monteponite montesite Montgomery stream function monticellite monticellite nephelinite monticellite polzenite monticule montmartrite montmorillonite montmorillonite group montmorillonitization montrealite montroseite montroydite monzodiorite monzogabbro monzonic felsite monzonite monzonite yamaskite monzonite-aplite monzonite-porphyry monzonitic texture monzonitic trachydolerite monzosyenite moon moon milk moonbow moonshine moor moor coal moor land moor type mooreite moor-gallop moorpeat mor moraine moraine amphitheater moraine belt moraine hill moraine lake moraine land moraine of advance moraine of recession; moraine of retreat moraine plateau moraine soil moraine terrace moraine-breccia moraine-dammed lake morainic apron morainic dam morainic debris morainic loop morass mordenite morenosite; nickel vitrol morganite morion morning star morning glow Moropus moroxite morphoclimatic classification morphogenesis morphogenetic classification morphogenetic force morphogenetic region morphographic map morphologic geotectonies morphologic province morphological analysis morphological change morphological classification morphological crystallography morphological differentiation morphological properties morphology morphologic species morphometry morphospecies morphostructure morphotectonics morphotroph morphotropy morphology of mineral Morrison Formation mortar [texture] mort lake; ox-bow lake morula stage morvan mosaic mosaic crystal mosaic equilibrium mosaic block mosaic structure mosaic texture mosandrite Mosasaurus Moscovian epoch mosesite mosor moss agate moss peat moss-agate mossite most perfect cleavage mother geosyncline mother liquid; mother liquor mother magma mother rock; parent rock mother stream mother-cloud mother-of-pearl cloud motion Motian age motion of the ground motion of water mass motley coloured mottle mottled sandstone mottling mottramite mould; mold moulin; glacial pothole moulin kame mound mountain mountain arc mountain barometer mountain breeze mountain building mountain chain mountain chernozem mountain chestnut soil mountain climate mountain coast mountain core mountain cork mountain crystal mountain flax mountain fog mountain glacier mountain glacier region mountain gold mountain green mountain group mountain island mountain knot mountain land mountain leather mountain limestone mountain making mountain mass mountain meadow soil mountain milk mountain paper mountain peak mountain peat mountain pitch mountain podzolized soil mountain range mountain ridge mountain root mountain sickness mountain slope mountain soap mountain soil mountain system mountain topography mountain torque mountain tundra mountain valley mountain waste mountain wave mountain wind mountain wood; rock wood mountain-building force; mountain-making force mountain-gap wind mountain-making movement Mousterian culture mouth correction moutonnee movable water movable-scale barometer movement movement picture moveout moving cluster moving fetch moving moraine moya moyite muck muck soil Mucrospirifer mud mud avalanche mud basin mud belt mud cone mud crack mud flat mud flow mud flow hill mud gas mud geyser mud lava mud line mud lump mud maar mud pipe mud pot mud-ridge ripple mark mud shield mudstone mud volcano mud-field mudflow mudflow deposit mudflow hill mudflow levee mudflow of alpine type mudflow of semiarid type mudflow of volcanic type mud-rain mudstone dike mugearite muggy weather mulch mulch structure muldental mull mullicite; vivianite mullion structure mullite multiband camera multiband spectral reconnaissance multicostae multicostellae multigelation multigranular particle multilayered system multi-layers Multilocular Foraminifera multiple alleles multiple batholith multiple beam interferometry multiple bundle diagram multiple currents multiple detectors multiple dike; multiple dyke multiple discharge multiple drift corrections multiple fault multiple film method multiple genes multiple geophone; multiple seismometer multiple glaciation theory multiple halides multiple incursion theory multiple intrusion multiple laccolith multiple layer multiple oxides multiple oxyhalides multiple reflections; repeatedreflection multiple register multiple rotation slip multiple scattering multiple sill multiple star multiple stock multiple stroke multiple sulfides multiple trip echo multiple tropopause multiple twin multiple vent basalt multiple well system multiple working hypothesis multiplex multiplex plotter multiplicity multiplying lever multipolar magnetic region Multithecopora Multituberculata multivariate analysis mummification muniongite Munsell color system Munsell color notation Muntijacus Muon number mural circle mural joint murambite murasakite murbruk muren murgang muriacite; anhedritite muriated spring muriatic acid Muricacea murite murmanite Musca Muschelkalk series Musci muscle scar muscle track muscovadite muscovite muscovite chlorite subfacies muscovite-biotite-granite muscovite-granite muscovite-granite porphyry muscovite-quartz rock muscovite-schist muscovitization muscular tissue musculature mushroom rock; pedestal rock muskeg mustard gold mutation mutation theory mutational effect mutual boundary mutual contact zone mutual precipitation theory mutualism m.y. million year; mega year Mya age mycelium Mycetozoans mycorhiza myelin Myers rating mylonite mylonite-gneiss mylonitic texture mylonitization Myomorpha myophore Myophoria myophragm myostracum Myriapoda Myricaceae myrmekite myrmekitic structure Mysidacea Mystacoceti; Mysticeti Mytilus Myxine Myzostomida n.sp; species novium nacreous cloud nacreous layer; pearly layer nacrite nadel nadir nadir angle nadir line nadir point nadorite naegite; nagite nagatelite nagyagite nailhead spar nail-head striae nakhlite nakrite Nankinella nannofossil; ultramicrofossil nannopalaeontology nannoplankton Nansen bottle Nansen cast Nantanella nantokite naphtha naphthabitumen naphthene base crude [oil] naphthene hydrocarbon naphtholithe Napierian logarithms napoleonite; corsite nappe nappe area nappe outlier nappe structure nappe theory narbonnais narrow narsarsukite nasal bone nascent state nashi nasonite Nassellaria Naticacea Naticopsis native amalgam native antimony native arsenic native asphalt; natural asphalt native bismuth native copper native gold native iridium native iron native lead native sulfur native tellurium natric horizon natroalunite natro-autunite natroborocalcite natrocalcite natrochalcite natrodavynite natrojarosite natrolite; needle zeolite natrolite phonolite natrolite tinguaite natron natron saltpeter natronbiotite natron-catapliite natrophilite; natrophyllite natural arch natural bridge natural classification natural convection natural earth potential natural enemy natural etched-figure natural frequency natural gas natural genera natural geography; physical geography natural glassy rock natural group natural landscape natural lead natural mortality natural oscillation natural period of oscillations natural radioactive decay series natural radioactive element natural radioactivity natural remanent magnetism natural selection natural soil natural solid bitumen natural system natural tunnel natural uranium natural vibration natural water level naturalization naturally occurrence nature coke naujaite naumannite Naumann's symbol nautical almanac nautical astronomy nautical mile nautical system nautical twilight nautilicone Nautiloidea Nautilus Navier-stokes equations navigable semicircle navigation navigational triangle navite Neanderthal man; Homo neanderthalensis Neanderthaloid neanic age Neoanthropic man neap range neap rise neap tide neapite near earthquake; near shock; near-by earthquake nearctic nearctic subregion nearly consumed island nearshore current system nearshore facies nearshore oceanography nebelwind Nebraskan glacial age nebula nebular hypothesis nebular theory nebulium nebulitic gneiss; nebulitigneiss nebulosus nebulous star neck neck channel neck cutoff neck furrow neck mountain neck ring necking necrocoenosis necroplankton nectar Nectridia needle ice needle ironstone needle tin ore needle-diorite needle-leaved evergreen forest needle-leaved tree nefedieffite negative negative absorption negative adsorption negative allometry negative axis negative colloid negative crystal negative electricity negative element negative exfoliation negative eyepiece negative gravitational anomaly negative hemipyramid negative mineral negative movement negative ions negative pole negative pyritohedron negative rain negative strike slip fault negative tetrahedron Negroid Neichia [formation] nekton nektonplanktonic environment nelsonite Nelumbo nema Nemagraptus nemalite Nemathelminthes nematoblastic texture nematocyst nematode Nematograptus Nematophyta nemere Nemertinea nemite Nengnan massif neo-atlantic period Neocalamites Neocathaysian neocolemanite Neocom age Neocormophyta neocrystallization neodarwinism neodymium neoeffusives neoeluvium neogaea Neogastropoda Neogene Neogene period Neogene system neogenic mineral neogeosyncline Neognathae Neohipparion neoichnology neo-lamarckism neolithic age neolithic shoreline neomorphic crystal neomorphism neon neontology Neophylloceras Neoproterozoic era Neornithes Neoschwagerina Neoschwagerininae neosial neosima neosome Neospirifer Neospongophyllum neotantalite neotectonics neoteiny Neotera neotocite Neotremata neotropical region neotype neo-volcanic rock Neozoic era neph chart nephanalysis nephcurve nepheline basanite nepheline melilitite nepheline syenite nepheline teschenite nepheline type nephelinite nephology nephometer nephoscope nephelinite porphyry nephelinitoid phonolite nephelometer nephelite nephrite nephsystem nepouite nepton Neptune neptunian neptunian dike neptunian theory neptunium neptunism neptunist neptunite neritic deposit neritic facies neritic plankton neritic zone neritopelagic environment nervous system nesquehonite nest nest of ore nested amphitheater nested caldera nested crater nested sink net production net displacement net slip netted texture network deposit network of fault network nebula network vein Neubauer-Deger coefficient neural arch Neuroptera Neuropteridium Neuropteris neuston neutral coast neutral equilibrium neutral humus neutral line neutral occlusion neutral oscillation neutral plane neutral point neutral pressure neutral rock neutral salt neutral sand neutral shoreline neutral soil neutral solution neutral stability neutral stress neutral wave neutral zone neutralization neutral-surface fold neutrino neutrino astronomy neutron neutron activation neutron diffraction neutron life time logging neutron logging neutron moisture meter neutron scattering method neutron source neutron star neutron-capture theory neutrosphere nevada Nevadian disturbance nevadite neve-field navel new candle new fold new moon new oceans new paleontology New Red Sandstone New Stone Age new structural beds new systematics newberyite newlandite newly generated fringing reef Newman barometer Newtonian fluid Newtonian friction law Newtonian speed of sound newtonite Newton's friction law Ngandon man Niagaran series niccolite niche nicholas terrace nicholsonite; zincaragonite nickel nickel bloom nickel glance nickel ore nickel ore deposit nickel-asbolance nickel-iron nickeline; nickelite nickel-magnetite; trevorite nickel-pyrite nickel-rich ataxite nicol; Nicol's prism; Nicol prism nicolayite nieve penitente nife; nifesphere nifesphere; nife Niggli-number; Niggli's value night arc night visual range night wind nightglow nigrin; nigrine Nihowan formation niklesite niligongite Nilssonia Nilssoniopteris nimbostratus night-sky luminescence night-sky light nimbus Nimbus satellite nine-light indicator niobite; columbite niobium ore niobophyllite nip nip stage Nipher shield Nippon trend Nipponites Nipponosaurus nirta niter; nitre; nitrokalite niter group nitrate nitrate nitrogen nitratine; nitratite nitric acid nitride nitrification nitrifier nitrite nitrite bacteria nitrobacter nitrobarite; nitrobaryt nitrocalcite nitrogen nitrogen cycle nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixation bacteria nitroglauberite; daraprkite nitromagnesite nitrous oxide nitroscocus nitrosomonas nival regime nivation; snow erosion nivation cirque nivation glacier nivation niche nivenite; uraninite niveolian deposit niveolian loess Nizza Stage noble metal noble opal noble serpentine noble spinel noble tourmaline nocerine; nocerite noctilucent cloud nocturnal animal nodal tide nocturnal radiation nodal zone nodal line node node of the fault nodical month Nodosaria Nodosaurus nodular ore nodule nodule bacteria nogizawalite noise noise level noise spectrum nole NOMAD [buoy] nomenclature nominal diameter nominal freezing point nomogram nomograph nomographic chart non calcareous soil non calcic brown soil non selective diagram non sequence nonaffined deformation nonartesian aquifer non-adiabatic process non-banded coal non-caking coal non-calcareous karsts non-calcic brown soil non-capillary porosity nonclastic sediments non-clay minerals non-coherence non-coherence echo non-coking coal non-conductor non-conformity nonconservation of local mass-energy non-correlative evolution non-crystal body noncrystalline mineral noncyclic denudation noncylindrical fold non detrital mineral non-diastrophic structure non-dispersive waves non-divergence level nonesite nonessential property non-exchangeable cation non-flowing confined water non-fossiliferous limestone non-frontal squall line non-genetic variation non-graded sediments non-harmonic method non-inertial reference frames non-isostatic warping non-lamellar wall non-limited evolution nonlinear nonlinear waves nonluminous detritus nonluminous flame non-marine Ostracoda nonmetal nonmetallic color nonmetallic mineral nonmetallic luster nonmetalliferous ore nonmoving water non-Newtonian fluid nonogesimal point nonperiodic asymmetrical wave nonperiodic variables non-pitted outwash plain nonplane cylindrical fold nonplane fold non-plastic clay non-plunging fold non-polarized light non-saturation zone non-seismic regions nonsequence non-sequent folding non-sex-associated variation nonsorted polygon non-specialized divergence non-spotted schist non-spotted zone non-stratified rock nonsystematic joint non-tangential crossbedding non-tectonic fault nontectonic process nontectonic scarp nontectonic structure nontectonite nontidal current nontronite non-uniform faces nonuniform flow nonuniform pressure non-viscous fluid nonvolcanic eruption noon-mark norbergite nordite nordmarkite nordmarkite aplite nordmarkite minette nordmarkite porphyry nordsjoite Noric age norite bronzitite norite gabbro norite granulite norite pegmatite norite porphyrite norite porphyry norm (C.I.P.W.) norm system Norma (Ruler) normal aeration normal and reverse magnetic stratigraphy normal angle normal anticlinorium normal barometer normal beach normal chart; normal map normal circular distribution normal curve of error normal displacement normal distribution normal distribution curve normal dome normal drag normal epoch normal erosion normal event normal fanshaped fold normal fault normal fold normal fault scarp normal field normal flysh normal force normal functions normal ground water depletion curve normal horizontal separation normal hydrostatic pressure normal law of error normal limb normal line normal moisture capacity normal peneplain normal position normal profile normal salts normal sedimentation normal shift normal soil normal strata normal stratigraphic sequence normal stress normal succession; normal superposition normal throw normal travel-time curve normal twinning normal valley normal velocity normal vibration normal water normal zero normal zoning normality normally consolidated clay normal-plate anemometer normative normative mineral normative quartz normoxid layer nortada norte North Atlantic biogeographical province North Atlantic current North Atlantic oscillation north celestial pole North China block north equatorial current north foehn North Frigid zone North galactic pole north magnetic pole North Pacific central water mass North Pacific current North Pacific intermediate water mass North Pacific oscillation north polar distance north polar sequence north pole north star North-east China block norther northeast storm northeast trades northern hemisphere northern lights northern nanny northfieldite northupite Norwegian school nose of fold nose structure nose whistlers nosean; noselite; nosin; nosite nosean sanidinite nosean tephrite nosean trachyte noseanite; noseanolite noselite basanite noselite melteigite noselite nephelinite nostril nosykombite notch Notharctus Nothasauria Notioprogonia Notochord notogaea notos Notostraca notothyrial notothyrial platform; pseudocruralium notothyrium Notoungulata noumeaite; noumeite; numeite novacekite novaculite novae nubbin nuclear area nuclear basin nuclear burning nuclear collision nuclear explosion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) nuclear magnetism logging nuclear particle track nuclear precession magnetometer nuclear reaction nuclear species; nuclide nuclear stage nucleation nuclei counter nucleic acid nucleic acid metabolism nucleoconch nucleogenesis nucleon nucleosynthesis nucleus nucleus of continent Nuculana Nudibranchia nuevite nugget nullah number system number of formula unit number of rainy day numerical forecasting numerical paleontology numerical scale numerical taxonomy numerical weather prediction Nummulite Nummulitic; paleogene Nummulitic facies Nummulitic limestone Nummulitique Period nunatak nursing ground Nusselt number nussierite nut coal nutation nutrient salts nutrition quotient N-value Nyquist frequency O horizon oasis obconical form obelisk object space angle objective objective grating objective prism oblate ellipsoid oblate spheroid oblateness obligatory aerobes obligatory anaerobes oblique aerial photograph oblique bedding oblique Cartesian coordinates oblique cleat oblique cleavage oblique displacement oblique equidistant cylindrieal projection oblique extinction oblique fault oblique fold oblique girdle oblique incidence oblique joint oblique lamination oblique light oblique visibility oblique visual range oblique mercator map projection oblique profile oblique shock oblique slip fault oblique strike-slip faults oblique valley obliquity of the ecliptic obliterated waterfall Obolacea Obolella Obolus oborite obscuring phenomenon obscuration obsequent fault-line scarp obsequent stream obsequent valley observational day observational error observatory observed profile observer observing tower obsidian obsidianite obstacle scour obstructed extrusion flow obstructed gravity flow obtuse bisectrix obtuse rhombohedron occipital condyle occipital node occipital spine occluded cyclone occluded front occlusion occult mineral occultation occulting light occurence ocean ocean basin; oceanic basin ocean basin floor ocean bottom current ocean bottom relief ocean circulation ocean climate; oceanic climate ocean current ocean deep ocean floor ocean floor basin ocean floor spreading ocean-floor spreading hypothesis ocean ridge ocean station ocean wind ocean-atmosphere interaction ocean-atmosphere momentum transfer oceanic anticyclone oceanic aspect oceanic bank oceanic biology oceanic chemistry oceanic crust oceanic delta oceanic deposit oceanic era oceanic evaporation oceanic expansion oceanic geology oceanic geophysics oceanic hemisphere oceanic high oceanic low oceanic meteorology oceanic ore deposits oceanic period oceanic physics oceanic plankton oceanic plant eon oceanic rise oceanic tholeiite oceanic tide oceanic volcano oceanicity; oceanity Oceanide trend oceanite oceanization oceanographic pattern oceanographic survey oceanography; oceanology oceanoplegic environment ocellar oceller structure oceller texture ocher ochery hematite ochroite ochrolite octaheadral layer octahedrite octahedron octane Octant octant octaxon octocorallia Octopoda Octoseptata ocular ocular plate Ocypoda odinite odograph odometer Odonata Odontoceti Odontognathae odontoid process odontolite Odontophuracea Odontopteris odor oe Oendolongo system oersted offlap offretite offset offset ridge offshoot offshore bar offshore beach offshore beach terrace offshore current offshore deposit offshore drilling offshore reef offshore wind offshore zone ogdohedral class ogdohedron ogdohedry Ohm Ohms law oikocryst oil damping oil field oil field gas oil field water oil immersion oil immersion series oil indication oil reservoir oil pocket oil pool oil reservoir pressure oil sand oil saturation oil seepage oil sheet oil show[ing] oil spring oil well oil zone oil-bearing crushed breccia oil geology oily luster oje-diabase okaite okawaite okenite olafite old karst oldland old mountain old red earth Old Red Sandstone old river old shoreline old stage Old Stone Age old structural beds Old Tertiary old topography old valley Older-Caledonian orogeny older granite older granitoid rock old-from-birth peneplain; primary peneplain Oldhamina oldhamite old volcanic rock olefin hydrocarbons Olenacea Olenellus Oligocene Oligochaeta oligomictic quartz sandstone oligomictic sediments oligonite; oligon spar oligosiderite oligotrophic lake oligotrophic region olistolith olistostrome olivenite olivine olivine basalt olivine diabase olivine diallagite olivine gabbro olivine gabbro pegmatite olivine glimmerite olivine group olivine hauynite olivine pyroxenolite olivine theralite gabbro olivine tholeiite ombrometer ombroscope olivinite olivinophyre ollenite Olynthus Omeishan basalt omission omission solid solution omnipresence of element omnivora Omomys Omoris coefficient Omoris formula omphacite omphacite-eclogite one circle goniometer onegite one-sided valley onkilonite onlap onofrite Onondaga age onshore current on-shore wind onshore winds Ontario Age ontogenesis; ontogeny ontogenetic allometry ontogenetic variation Onychiopsis Onychodactylus Onychopora onyx onyx marble; oriental alabaster oogonium ooide oolite; roe stone oolitic formation oolitic hematite oolitic opal oosite oospore; oval-cell ooze oozuanolite opacite rim opacity opacus opal opal allophane opalescence opalization opalized wood opaque attritus opaque mineral opaquing opdalite open bay open bundle open channel flow open clusters open ditch drainage open fault open fissure open fold open foliation structure open form open joint open system open tube open-pit mining operational meteorology operational weather limit operculate coral Operculina operculum Ophiacodon ophicalcite Ophiceras Ophiderpeton Ophidia Opileta ophiocone ophiolite ophiolitic suite ophite ophitic texture Ophiuchus; Serpent Bearer Ophiuroidea Opiliones opisometer Opisthobranichia opisthocoelous vertebra opisthofica Opisthoparia opposing wind opposition optic angle optic anisotrope optic axial plane optic axial angle optic axis optic biradials optic elastic axis optic isotrope optic normal optic plane optical activity optical anomaly optical axial angle optical axis optical character; optical property optical constant optical density optical depth optical dispersion optical double stars (optical pair) optical haze optical illusion optical magnification optical meteor optical orientation optical path optical phenomena optical registration optical rotary dispersion optical scattering law optical sign optical slant range optical test optical wavelength optically biaxial optically negative crystal optically positive optically uniaxial optics optimum water content oral area oral plate; orals oral surface oraldise orangite orang-outan oraucan orbicular diorite orbicular gabbro orbicular granite orbicular structure orbicule orbiculite orbit orbit number orbital eccentricity orbital element orbital foramen orbital frequency orbital motion orbital path orbital plane orbital velocity orbite Orbitoides ordanchite Order order of crystallization ordinary axis of symmetry ordinary fault rift ordinary lead ordinary light ordinary plane of symmetry ordinary ray ordinary tourmaline ordinary water level ordinary year ordinate Ordos platform Ordos Syneklise Ordosia ordosite ore ore beds ore body ore bringer ore bunch; ore pocket ore carrier ore channel ore chimney; ore pipe ore cluster ore column ore complex ore deposit ore dressing ore formation ore forming element ore-forming fluid ore-forming solution ore magma ore microscope ore microscopy ore mineral ore nest ore peridotite ore pillar ore reserve ore rock ore shale group ore shoot ore skarn ore solution ore stock ore vein ore-bearing area ore-chute Oregonian orendite Oreodont Oreopithecus organ genus organic acid organic acid soil organic belt organic bipolarity organic carbon organic colloid organic cosmochemistry organic deposit organic environment organic geochemistry organic material; organic matter organic mineral soil organic mud organic ooze organic phosphorus organic remains organic rock organic sediment organic soil organic sphere organic-sedimentary ore deposit organogenous sediments organo-sedimentary structure oriental amethyst oriental emerald oriental ruby oriental topaz orientation orientation analysis orientation diagram orientation of crystal oriented absorption oriented lakes oriented pebble orientite orifice origin origin of species original bedding original cleavage original dip original horizontal stratification original interstice original lead original magma original mineral original order original porosity original river original surface oriocrystal Orion Orion nebula Orinoastraea ornamental patterns ornamentation orniteophilous flower Ornithischia Ornitholestes Ornithopoda Ornithorhynchus orocline orogen; orogenic belt orogene; orogenic belt orogenic arc orogenic belt; orogene; orogen orogenic epoch orogenic folding orogenic movement; orogeny orogenic periodicity orogenic phase orogenic polarity orogenic sedimentation orogenic zone orogeosyncline; orthogeosycline orographic cloud orographic fault orographic low orographic occlusion orographic precipitation orographic rain orographic snowline orographic thunderstorm orography orology orometer Orohippus orotectonic line orotvite orpiment orterde Orteshotichia orth-hemipyramid Orthis orthite-gneiss orthoalaskite orthoalkaligneiss orthoandesite; orthopyroxeneandesite ortho-axis Orthoceras orthochem orthochemical limestone orthochlorites orthoclase; orthose; pegmatolite orthoclase-free foyaite orthoclase gabbro orthoclase nepheline syenite orthoclase porphyry orthoclase twin orthoclasite orthocline orthocone orthoconglomerate orthodiagonal orthodolomite orthodome orthodrome orthoeluvium orthofelsite orthoferrosilite orthogenesis orthogneiss orthogonal orthogonal antennas orthogonal curvilinear coordinates orthogonal function orthogonal joint orthogonal thickness orthographic projection Orthograptus Orthorhombic antihemihedron orthokinetic coagulation ortholimestone orthomagmatic deposit orthomagmatic stage orthomelt orthometric height orthomorphic map orthophoto orthophotomap orthophotoscope orthophyre orthophyric texture orthopinacoid orthopinakiolite orthoprism orthopyramid orthopyroxene-andesite; orthoandesite orthoquartzite orthorhombic holohedron orthorhombic fabric orthorhombic system ortho-rocks orthoscope orthoselection ortho-silicic acid orthosite orthosyenite orthotarantulite orthotectic deposit orthotectonics orthotrachyte ortlerite ortstein; hardpan orvietite Orycteropus oryctocoenose oryctology Osagian age osbornite oscillation oscillation ripple mark oscillation theory oscillation volume oscillator oscillatory combination oscillatory movement oscillatory twin oscillatory wave oscillograph; oscilloscope osculating orbit osculation oserskite osirita oslporphyry osmiridium osmium osmotic equilibrium osmotic potential osmotic pressure osmotic water Osmunda Osos osseous tissue; bone tissue; bony tissue ossification ossipite; ossipyte Osteichthyes osteogenesis Osteolepis osteolite Osteostraci ostium (sulcus) Ostracoda Ostracodermi ostracum ostraite Ostria otarite Othoptera Otoceras otolith Otozamites ottejanite ottrelite ottrelite-phyllite ottrelite-schist Ouachita geosyncline ouachitite ouari ouenite outcrop outer arc outer atmosphere outer core outer earthquake zone outer flame outer hinge plate outer lamella outer layer outer ligament outer lip outer orientation outer planet outer product outer ridge outer shell electron outer shell layer outer sublittoral zone outer tectorium outgassing outlet outlet glacier outo outotheca outwash; out wash plain outwashfan outwash gravel outwash plain; outwash outwash plain shoreline ouvala; uvala ouvarovite ovary oven-dry soil overbank deposits overbank flood overburden overburden pressure over cast overconsolidated clay overcooling overdeepening overdraft overfalls over-fault overfit river overflow overflow channel overflow deposits overflow spring overflow weir overfold overfolding overgrazing overgrowth overhanging form overite overland flow overlap overlap trap overlap fault overlie overliming overloading overlying strata overridden mass oversaturated rocks overseeding oversteepening overstep overthrust overthrust block overthrust fault overthrust mass overthrust plane overthrust sheet overthrust side overthrust stike-slip fault overthrust mountain overtide overturn of strata overturned anticline overturned fold overturned thrust plane ovicell ovis Ovocystis owenite Owenites owens dust recorder owharoite oxalite oxammite oxbow lake Oxfordian age oxiacalcite oxidapatite oxidate oxidation oxidation reduction potential oxidation subsidence oxidation zone; oxidized zone oxidation-reduction potential oxides oxidized ore oxidized ore zone oxidizing flame oxisol Oxyaena oxybasiophitic texture oxychildrenite oxygen oxygen isotope oxygen partial pressure oxygen ratio oxygen zoning oxygenated water oxygen-isotope method oxyhalides oxyhornblende oxymagnetite; oxymagnite oxyophitic texture oxyphile element oxyphyre oxysulfides Oyashio oyster reefs Ozawainella ozocerite; ozokerite ozokerite; ozocerite ozone ozonosphere P belt P.D.R; precision depth recorder P layer P* layer Pn layer P wave; Primary Wave p* wave p wave PH PH concentration PH value P-P boundary Pace length pachnolite Pachyodont Pachyodonta Pacific Coast Geosyncline Pacific-type coastline Pacific High Pacific maritime airmass Pacific moon-birth theory Pacific movement Pacific oceanic block Pacific orogeny Pacific sub-arctic water mass Pacific suite Pacific tectonic movement Pacific type orogeny pacing pack ice pack ice zone packed water body paddy soil paddy terrace paddle wheel current meter paedomorphosis paesa paesano page stone Pagiophyllum Pagoda limestone pagoda stone pagodite pagoscope paha hill paint pot painter Painter's Easel; Pictor pair bond paired river terrace paired structure paisanite paisbergite (rhodonite) palacanticline Palaeo-(Paleo-) palaeanthropic man stage palaeoanthropology palaeoarctic region palaeobathymetric map palaeobiochemistry palaeobiogeography palaeobiology palaeobiophysics palaeobios palaeobotany; palaeophytology palaeocarpology Palaeocathaysia Palaeo-Caucasia Palaeocene; Paleocene palaeoclimatology Palaeoconcha palaeocoprology Palaeocormophyta palaeocrystic ice palaeocurrent palaeodonta palaeoecological picture palaeoecology palaeoeffusives palaeogeographic map palaeogeography palaeogeology palaeogeomagnetic dating method palaeogeomagnetism Palaeognathae palaeohistology palaeohydrology palaeoichnology; palichnology palaeoinvertebrates Palaeolithic age Palaeoloxodon palaeomagnetism Palaeomastodon Palaeomicroanimal palaeoniscoidea Palaeoniscus Palaeonodonta palaeontological facies palaeontology palaeopathology Palaeophyllum paleophyre palaeophyrite palaeophyte palaeopicrite Palaeoptera palaeosedimentology Palaeosmilia Palaeospondyloidea Palaeospondylus Palaeostrophia Palaeosyops palaeotaxiology Palaeotherium Palaeotremata palaeotypal rock palaeovertebrates palaeovolcanic rock Palaeozoic Palaeozoic era Palaeozoic fold belt Palaeozoic group palaeozoology palagonite palagonite-tuff palaite palatal fold palatine palatinite palato-quadrate palea Palenthropic man Paleo-(Palaeo-) paleoarctic region paleobiogeochemistry paleoclimate paleocurrent ripple Paleogene Paleogene Period paleogeomorphology paleolimnology paleomagnetism paleopedology Paleophytic era Paleoproterozoic paleosalinity paleosol paleospecies paleotectonic map paleotectonics paleotemperature paleotopographic map paleotopography paleotropical region paleotropical-tertiary geoflora paleowind paleozome palimpsest drainage palimpsest structure palingenesis palingenetic granite palingenetic petrographic province palinspastic [base] map palintectic earthquake palintrope Palisade disturbance palite palladium gold pallasite palliae sinus palm Palmae Palmen's model palmierite palm-like lobe Palmophyllum Palmoxylon palouser palpebral furrow palsen paltolimnology paludal area; swamp area palygorskite palynology pampero pan pan formation pan coefficient panabase; gray copper ore panallotriomorphic texture panamic region pan-cake ice; pan-ice panchromatic film pandermite panel diagram; panel fence diagram panfan pan-fan stage pangaea pangenesis theory pan-geosyncline panidiomorphic texture panidiomorphic granular texture panmixia panning pannus panorama panplain panplanation panplane pantectogenesis pantellerite Pantodenta pantograph Pantolambda Pantotheria Paoteh age papagayo paper clay paper coal paper hygrometer paper mulch paper shale paper spar papilla papillose para-ripple parabasal plate parabasalt parabauxite parabolic dune parabolic mirror parabolic orbit parabolic velocity paraboloid parabraunerde parabutlerite paracancrinite paracelsian Paraceratites parachomata parachronism parachute radiosonde paracone paraconformity paraconglomerate paraconid paracoquimbite paracrystal paracrystalline deformation paradoxide paraffin[e] [wax] paraffin base crude [oil] paraffinhydrocarbon paraffin method parafoveal vision Parafusulina paragearksutite paragenesis paragenesis diagram paragenetic twin paragenic relation parageosyncline paragneiss paragonite paragonite-schist paraguanajuatite parahilgardite Parahippus parahopeite parajamesonite paraklippe paralaurionite paralectotype paraliageosyncline paralic coal paralic sedimentation paralic swamp paralic wedge parallactic angle parallactic ellipse parallactic motion parallax parallax bar parallel parallel banded structure parallel cleavage parallel dike swarm parallel displacement parallel drainage parallel evolution parallel extinction parallel fault parallel fold parallel growth parallel heave parallel homeomorphy parallel linear texture; simple linear texture parallel migration parallel pattern parallel planar texture; simple planar texture parallel replaced lode parallel retreat parallel separation Parallel shot parallel sphere parallel throw parallel twinning parallel unconformity parallel vein parallels of altitude parallels of declination parallels of latitude parallel-axial intergrowth parallel-axial twin parallelism parallelogram paraluminite paramagnetic body paramagnetic substance paramagnetism paramelaconite parameter parameter-ratio parametral plane paramorph paramorphism parankerite paranthelion Paranthropus parapatry paraphore paraplatform paraplicate Parapsida para-rock paraschist paraschoepite Paraschwagerina paraselene paraselenic circle parasepiolite parasidan type of skull parasitic cone parasitic crater parasitic fold parasitic volcano parasitism parasphenoid bone parasulcate parasymplesite parataxa paratectonic crystallization paratellurite paratenorite para-Tertiary; sub-Tertiary para-time-rock unit paratype para-unconformity parautochthon parautochthonous granite paravivianite parawollastonite parcel method parchettite Pareiosauria Pareiosaurus parent element parent material parental magma parhelia parhelic circle parhelion parichnos parietal; parietal bone parietal callus parietal fold parietal organ parisite parna Paromomys paroxysm; paroxism paroxysmal stage paroxysmalism parry; perry; pirry parry arcs parsec parsettensite parsonsite partial correlation partial derivative partial drought partial-duration series partial eclipse partial girdle partial magma partial melting partial obscuration partial pressure partial sterilization partial tide particle particle density particle derivative particle velocity particle radiation particle shape particle sink particle size particle size analysis particle-size distribution particle-size weight frequency particulate inheritance parting parting ball structure parting lineation parting plane partition partition process partly cloudy partschinite parvafacies parvicostellae Pasadenian pascoite pass passauite; porcellanite Passeriformes passing shower passive earth pressure passive fabric element passive fold passive front passive injection passive permafrost passive satellite passive-flow folding passive-slip folding pastagram patch patch reef patelliform pateraite Paterina paterinacea paternoite; kaliborite; heintzite; hintzeite paternoster lakes path difference path line path loss path of seismic waves patina patinoite patrinite patrogony patronite pattern shooting patterned ground paucicostae paucicostellae paucilithionite Pauli exclusion principle Pauli system paulopost Paurorhyncha pavement gravel Pavo; Peacock pawdite pay gravel pay ore pay rock pay streak payload P-E index P-E ratio pea iron ore peacock copper [ore] peak peak gust peak power pearceite pearl diabase; variolite pearl lightning pearl opal pearl sinter pearl spar pearlite; perlite pearlitic texture pearlitic structure pearly layer; necreous layer pearly luster pear-shaped earth pea-soup fog peastone peat peat bed peat bog; peat moor peat hummock peat land peat marl peat recurrence horizon peat soil peaty clay peaty podzol pebble pebble armor pebble dike pebble soil pebble tool pebbly mudstone pebbly sandstone pebbly structure Peclet number Pecopteris Pecora Pecten Pectinidae pectolite pectoral fin peculiar motion pedalfer pedical class pedical valve; ventral valve pedicel pedicellaria pedicle pedicle area pedicle collist pedicle collar pedicle foramen; pedical opening pediment pediment gap pediment pass Pedimentation pedion pedionite pediplain pediplanation pediplane pedocal pedogenesis pedogenic process pedogeography; soil geography pedology pedometer pedrosite peel thrust peel transfer technique peeling peel-off time peel sight peesash peg structure peesweep storm peganite; variscite Pegasus; Winged Horse pegmatite pegmatitic dike rock pegmatitic granite pegmatitic marginal zones pegmatitic phase pegmatitic structure pegmatoid pegmatophyre pegmatophyric texture Peitai age Peking Man; Sinanthropus pekinensis; Homo pekinensis pelagic biogeochemistry pelagic clay pelagic environment pelagic facies pelagic foraminifera pelagic organisms pelagic veneer pelagic zone pelagite pelcid layer Pelecaniformes Pelecypoda; Bivalvia peleeite Pelee-type eruption Pelham Bay Emergence pelite; pelyte pelite-gneiss pelitic interval pelitic schist pelitic tuff pellet structure pellicular water pell-mell structure pellucidity Pelmatozoa pelosiderite pelvic girdle Pelycosauria Pelycosauria pencatite Penchi series Penchioceras pencil cleavage pencil structure pencil-ore pencil-stone pendant cloud pendent pendular water pendulation theory pendulum pendulum day pendulum mass pendulum method penecontemporaneous metamorphism penecontemporaneous structure peneite peneplain; peneplane peneplain deposit peneplain remnant peneplain stage peneplanation peneseismic country; peneseismic region penetrability penetrating fluid penetrating radiation penetration range penetration resistance penetrative structure penetrometer penfieldite penikkavaarite peninsula Peninsular gneiss penitent ice penitent snow Penjyong platform penknife ice pennant pennine; penninite Pennsylvanian Period Pentacrinoid stage Pentacrinus pentad pentagonal hemihedrism pentagonal hemihedry pentagonal icositetrahedron pentagonal-dodecahedron pentahydroborite Pentalophodon Pentameracea pentamerism Pentamerus Pentaphyllum pentlandite Pentoxyleae Pentoxylon penumbra peperino pepino hill peptization peptizing agent peracidite peralboranite peralkaline peralkaline rock peraluminous rock percentage hypsometric curve percentage lithofacies map percentage log percentage method percentage method for correlation perched aquifer perched block perched syncline; synclinal ridge perched water perched water table percolating water percolation percolation radio percrystalline rock (C.I.P.W) percrystallization percussion percussion figure percussion mark percylite pereletok perennial river perennial spring perennial stream perennially frozen ground perfect cleavage perfect fluid perfect gas perfect-gas law perfect radiator perfectly diffuse radiator perfectly diffuse reflector perfelic rock (C.I.P.W) perfelsic rock (C.I.P.W) perfemane rock (C.I.P.W) perfemic rock (C.I.P.W) perforation deposit perforate Perforate Foraminifera perforating algae perforation pergelation pergelisol perhumid climatic type perhyaline rock (C.I.P.W) periastron pericenter periclase; periclasite periclinal bedding periclinal structure pericline pericline twin(ning) peridot peridotite peridotite hornblendite peridotite-pegmatite perigean tide perigee Perigeyerella periglacial climate periglacial landforms periglacial phenomena periglacial region perihelion perihelion distance perijovian perimagmatic deposit period period of diastrophism period of folding period of half decay period of oscillation period of vibration; period of wave periodic asymmetrical wave periodic comets periodic current periodic law of chemical elements periodic perturbations periodic precipitation periodic spring periodic symmetrical wave periodic system periodic table analysis periodic variation periodic volcano periodic wind period-luminosity curve periodogram periostracum periotic bone peripediment peripheral arch peripheral conglomerate peripheral fault peripheral increase peripheral isolate peripheral isostatic area peripheral lowland peripheral magmareservoir peripheral moraine peripheral trench periphery inclusion periproct perisarc Perischoechinoidea Perisphinctes Perissodactyla peristerite peristomal gill peristome peritectic point perknite perlitic structure perlitic texture perlucidus permafic rock (C.I.P.W) permafrost [layer] permafrost island permafrost table permanence of ocean [hypothesis] permanence of the landscape permanence of continents [hypothesis] permanent anticyclone permanent aurora permanent base level permanent current permanent deformation permanent depression permanent echo permanent eruption permanent gas permanent high permanent magnetic field permanent magnetism permanent magnetization permanent negative charge permanent set permanent snow permanent snowline permanent strain permanent stream permanent wave permanent wind permanently frozen ground permeability permeability test permeability trap permeable permeable bed; permeable stratum; permeable layer permeable rock permeable structure permeameter permeation permesothgrid Permian period Permian system Permo Carboniferous period Permo Carboniferous system Permo-Carboniferous Permo-Carboniferous ice age perofskite; perovskite peroikic rock (C.I.P.W) Peron Submergence perpatic rock (C.I.P.W) perpendicular displacement perpendicular heave perpendicular incidence perpendicular separation perpendicular slip perpendicular throw perpetual frost climate perplexite Perprolate perquaric rock (C.I.P.W) perrierite persalane rock (C.I.P.W) persalic (C.I.P.W) persalane rock (C.I.P.W) Perseids Persemic rock (C.I.P.W) Pers sunshine recorder Perseus persilicic rock persistence persistence forecast persistence oscillation persistent existence persistent form persistent fossil persistent mineral personal equation perspective projection perspective representation perthite perthite pyroxenite perthite syenite perthitic structure perthitophyre perthosite perturbation perturbation equation perturbation method perturbation motion perturbation quantity perturbation theory Peru current Peru-Bolivia Volcanic Zone pervious bed; pervious layer pervious rock perxenic rock peshash petal petalite Petalodus petaloid ambulacra Petalolithus petit St. Bernard Petraia petrifaction petrifaction structure petrified forest petrified log; petrified wood Petrmyzon petro-bitumen petrochemistry petrofabrics petrofabric analysis petrofabric diagram petrogen petrogenesis; petrogeny petrogenetic element petrographic classification petrographic microscope petrographic profile petrographic province; petrographical province petrographical facies petrography petrolatum petroleum petroleum geology petrology petrophysics petrosilex petrotectonics petzite peunantite Pfalzian movement phaceloid coral phacelite; phacellite PF curve PF value phacoidal structure phacolite phacolith Phaeodaria Phaeophyceae; brown algae Phaeophyta Phaeopidacea phalanx phaneric texture phanerite; phaneromere phanerocrystalline bomb phanerocrystalline variety phanerocrystalline-adiagnostic texture phanerogamae Phanerozoic eon phanoclastic rock phantom horizon pharmacolite pharmacosiderite pharyngeal jaws phase phase age (of tide) phase angle phase boundary phase change; phase transformation phase contrast microscope phase delay phase diagram phase distortion phase equilibrium phase front phase inversion phase modulation phase of folding phase of moon phase of orogeny phase rule phase shift phase speed phase transition phase velocity Phasianus Phaulactis Pheldopteris phenacite; phenakite Phenacodus phenakite type phenetic classification phenetic taxonomy phengite phenicochroite phenocopy phenocryst; phenocrystal phenogram phenology phenotype phenotypic selection phermitocorundum phermitospinel phi grade scale; phi scale phi mean diameter phi median diameter phi standard deviation phi unit philippinite Philip ionization gauge Phillipsastraea Phillipsia phillipsite phillipsite tephrite phlebite phloem phlogopite Phobos phoenicite; phoenicochroite Phoenicopsis Phoenix pholerite pholidolite Pholidota phonolite basalt phonolite obsidian phonolite trachyte phonolite tuff Phorohacos phosgenite phosphate phosphate fixation phosphatic nodule phosphate rock; phosphorite phosphate-absorption coefficient phosphatic sediment phosphatization phosphochalcite; phosphorochalcite phosphophyllite phosphorescence phosphoric acid phosphorite; phosphate rock phosphorite-sandstone phosphormimetesite phosphuranylite phosphous phot photicite photoautotrophism photo cell; photoelectric cell photochemical equilibrium photochemical reaction photochemical theory photochemistry photoconductive cell photodissociation photoelastic model photoelectric effect photoelectric photometer photoelectric photometry photoelectric transmittance meter photoelectron photofission photogalvanometric registration photogeology photogrammetry photographic absolute magnitude photographic albedo photographic barograph photographic lithography photographic magnitude photographic photometry photographic sunshine recorder photographic telescope photoionization photolysis photometeor photometer photometric catalogue photometric property photometric scale photometry photomicrograph photon photon flux photo-neutrino process photonitrification photo-oxidation photophosphorylation photopolarimeter photosphere photosynthesis photosynthesis zone; photosynthetic zone phototaxis photo-visual magnitude Phragmoceras phragmocone phreatic aquifer phreatic diatreme phreatic eruption phreatic explosion phreatic gas phreatic surface phreatic water phreatic zone phreatomagmatic eruption phreatomagmatic explosion phreatophyte phtanite; phthanite phycoerythrin phylactolaemata phylembryogenetsis phyletic evolution phyletic speciation phyllite phyllite slate phyllites phyllocarida phylloceras phylloceratina phyllograptus phylloid phylloid algae phyllonite phyllosilicate phyllospermae phyllotheca phyllum phylogenesis; phylogeny phylogenetic allometry phylogenetic classification phylogenetic systematics phylogenetic tree physeter physical absorption physical chemistry physical climate physical climatology physical constants physical forecasting physical geodesy physical geology physical hydrodynamics physical meteorology physical mineralogy physical oceanography physical pseudomorph physical weathering physiognomie physiographic geology physiographic province; physiographic division physiographic unit physiography phytal system phytobenthos phytoclimatology phytogen[et]ic soil phytogenic rock phytogeography (plant geography) phytolith phytometer phytonomorphia phytopaleontology phytophaga phytophagous animal phytoplankton phytosaurus piano piauzite pibal Picea Piceoxylon Pich'e evaporimeter picite pickeringite picotite picrite picrite-basalt picrite-porphyrite picrite-porphyry picorochromite picroepidote picroilmenite picrolite picromerite picropharmacolite picrophengite picrosmine picrotephroite pictomap picture control point piecemeal stoping piedmont alluvial plain piedmont belt piedmont benchland; piedmonttreppe piedmont bulb piedmont depression piedmont fringe piedmont glacier piedmont lake piedmont lowland piedmont orogeny piedmont plain piedmont plateau piedmont scarp pie[d]montite pie[d]montite-schist pienaarite piercement core piercement trap piercing folding; piercement folding piezocrescence piezocrystallization piezoelectric coefficient piezoelectric modulus piezoelectric oscillator piezoelectricity piezoelectricity effect piezo-metamorphism piezometer piezometric head piezometric level piezometric surface pigeonite-augitite pigeonite pigmentation rule pikeite pilandite pilarite pilbarite pilite pilite minette pilite vogesite pillar pillow breccia pillow lava pillow structure pilmer Piloceras Pilophyllum Pilosa pilot balloon pilot balloon theodolite pilot briefing pilot chart pilot report pilot streamer pilotaxitic texture pimelite pimple plain pinaciolite; pinakiolite pinacoid; pinacoidal face pinacoidal class Pinacosaurus pinch pinch-and-swell structure pinch-out trap pinched fold pineal foramen pine-forest stone piner pink snow ping pinghsiang movement pinite pinite-porphyry pinitoid pinna pinnacle pinnacle reef pinnate drainage pinnate joint pinnate shear joints pinnate tension joints pinnate venation pinnipedia pinnoite pinnula pinolite Pinus Pinus massoniana Pinuxylon pip pipe pipe dredge pipe flow pipe ore body pipe rock pipe vein piperno pipestone pipette pipette method (pipette analysis) piping pipkrake piracy (of rivers) pirate river pirssonite Pirus pisachee pisanite Pisces Pisces (Fishes) Pisces Australis (Southern Fish) Pisolina pisolite pisolitic limestone pisolitic limonite pisolitic structure pisolitic texture pissophane; pissophanite pistil pisto mesite piston corer pit pit and mound structure pit crater; volcanic sink pit fault pitch pitch angle pitch coal pitch luster pitchblende pitching anticline pitchstone pitchstone porphyry pitchy iron ore pitchy limonite pith pith ray Pithecanthropus erectus; Homo ereatus Pithecanthropus officialis; Homo officials Pitot tube Pitot-tube anemometer pitted outwash plain pitted plain pitted surface pitticite; pittizite Pityoxylon pivot pivotal axis pivotal fault placanticline placenta Placentalia placer placer deposit placer gold placer platinum Placodermi Placodontia Placodus placoid scale placosyncline plages plagiaplite plagifoyaitarkite plagihedral hemihedry plagiocitrite plagioclase plagioclase granite plagioclase rhyolite plagioclase-actinolite facies plagioclase-gneiss plagioclasite anorthosite plagiohedral class plagioliparite plagionite plagiopegmatite plagiophyre plagiotrachyte Plaice plain plain denudation plain of erosion plain of marine denudation plain of subaerial denudation plain region plains type fold Plaisancian age plaiting surface plan planar bedding structure planar element planar flow structure planar gliding planar projection planar structure planar translation planar type planarea planation planation surface plancheite Plancks constant plane plane angle plane atmospheric wave plane coordinates plane correction plane deformation plane fault plane fold plane lattice plane probe plane of composition plane of deflation plane of denudation plane of fracture plane of isostatic compensation plane of lateral corrasion plane of optic axes plane of stratification plane of symmetry plane of the ecliptic plane of the sky plane of unconformity plane of weakness plane of polarization plane source plane strain plane surveying plane table equipment plane table surveying plane wave plane-dendritic crystal planeless fault planerite planet planet symbol planetarium planetary aberration planetary atmosphere planetary boundary layer planetary circulation planetary dynamics planetary evolution planetary heat source planetary interior planetary interval planetary monsoon planetary motion planetary nebula planetary orbit planetary orbital data planetary perturbation planetary precession planetary radiation planetary rotation planetary rotation rate planetary satellite planetary system planetary vorticity effect planetary wave planetary wind planetesimal planetesimal hypothesis planetoid planimeter planimetric map planispiral plank check dam plankton plankton net planktonic foraminferas planktonic species plannar water planophyre planophyric texture planosols planospiral shell plano-conformity plano-convex form planparallel structure plant climatology plant community plant food; plant nutrient plant geography; phytogeography plant nutrition plant residue plant tissue test plantigrade planting season plantopal plasma plasma flow plasma trough plasmapause plasmasphere Plasmophyllum plaster of paris plastic clay plastic deformation plastic flow plastic index; plasticity index plastic limit plastic metamorphism plastic state plastic strain plastic surge plastic zone plastically deformed deposit plasticity plasticity chart plasticity constant plasticity number plasticity range plastid plastogamy plastometer plastron Platanus plate plate anemometer plate count plate crystal plate ice plate movement plate tectonics plate of calyx plateau plateau basalt plateau glacier plateau High plateau lake plateau station Plateosaurus platform platform reef platform region platform structural bed platiniridium platiniridita platinum platinum group element platinum ore platinum placer platinum-iridium meter bar plattnerite platy joint; tabular joint platy limestone platy structure Platybelodon platycoelous vertebra platyhelminthes platykurtic platy kurtosis platynite platyorthis Platyrrhini Platysomus Platyspirifer Platyventroceras plauenite play of color playa play-back plazolity; hydrogrossular Plectospirifer Pleiades pleion pleiotropism; pleiotropy Pleistocene Pleistocene ice age Pleistocene sea level pleistoseismic zone Plectroceras Plectronoceratidea Plesiosaurus pleochroic halo pleochroism; polychroism pleomorphism pleonaste pleonectite Pleospongia Plerophyllum Plesiadapis Plesiochelys plesiomorphes plesiotype plessite pleura pleuracanthodii Pleuracanthus pleural furrow pleural lobe pleural spine pleurocentra Pleurocoela Pleurodira Pleurodium pleurodont Pleurograptus Pleuronautilus Pleurosaurus pleuston plica plicated layer Plicatifera plication Plinian-type eruption Plio-Pleistocene Pliocene Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary Pliohippus pliomagmatic zone pliopithecus plombierite plouazaou ploughing season plow layer plow sole plow wind plowshares plucking; quarrying plug plug dome plum rain plumb [bob] plumb line plumb line deviation plumbaginous schist plumbago plumballophane plumbocalcite plumbocolumbite; plumbonoibite plumbocuprite plumboferrite plumbogummite plumbojarosite plumbosynadelphite plummule plumose structure plunge pool plunging breaker plunging syncline plurality of worlds plurifacial metamorphism plus mineral plush copper ore Pluto pluton plutonic activity plutonic association plutonic breccia plutonic cognate ejecta plutonic cupola plutonic earthquake plutonic emanation plutonic injection plutonic intrusion plutonic metamorphism plutonic mineral plutonic plug plutonic rock; hypogene rock (plutonite) plutonicity plutonism plutonium pluvial age pluvial lake pluvial regime pluvial stage pluviograph pluviometer pluviometric coefficient pluviometric quotient pluvionivation pneumatic method pneumatogenic enclosure pneumatogenic mineral pneumato hydatogenesis pneumatolysis pneumatolytic deposit pneumatolytic metasomatism pneumatolytic mineral pneumatolytic stage pneumotectic process; pneumototectic pocket pocket anemometer pocket aspiration psychrometer pocket beach podocarpus Podokesaurus podolite Podozamites podzol podzolic soils podzolisation; podzolization Poebrotherium poechore pogonip poecilitic; poicilitic; poikilitic poikilitic; poicilitic-texture; poecilitic texture poidilobastic texture poikilophitic texture poikilosmotic character poikilotherm Poincare figure point bar point bar deposit point density point discharge point group point mutation point of support point of suspension point rainfall point row point source point system point target pointer Pointers poise poised stream Poiseuille flow Poiseuille-Hagen law poison valley poison wind Poisson's equation polanke polar air mass polar air mass climate polar angle polar anticyclone polar areas polar axis polar bond polar cap polar circle polar climate polar continental air mass polar compound polar coordinates polar glacier polar high polar ice polar crystal polar current polar cyclone polar desert polar easterlies polar flattening polar front polar lake polar low polar magnetic storm polar meteorology polar migration polar motion polar night polar night jet stream polar outbreak polar precession cycle polar projection polar radius polar region polar screen polar season polar sequence polar shift polar solid angle polar star; polaris polar stereographic projection polar symmetry polar topographic coincidence polar trough polar vortex polar wandering polar westerlies polar wind divide polar year polar-cap ice polar-front jet stream polar-front theory polariscope polarity polarity reversal polarizability polarization polarization angle polarization effect polarization microscope; polarizing microscope polarization of light polarization plane polarized light polarizer polarography polaroid polder (land) pole pole diagram pole tide pole type bruch dam pole-dipole method; three electrode method pole-fleeing force pole-star recorder polygraph poles of equator poles of inaccessibility poles of rotation poles of ecliptic polianite polished section polished surface polishing polishing hardness polishing scratch polje polje lake pollen pollen analysis pollen chamber pollen diagram pollen grain pollen sac pollen spectra pollen stratigraphy pollen symbol pollen tube pollenite pollucite; pollux pollutant pollution polonium polonium 210 decay method polyadelphite polyargite polyargyrite polyarsenite poly-ascendant vein polyaugites polyaxial fold polyaxon polybasite polycentric evolution polychaeta polyclimatic relic polyclinal fold polyconic projection polycrase; polycrasite polycyclic orogenesis Polydiexodina polydymite polygamous animal polygenes polygenetic chain polygene[tic] conglomerate; polygenic conglomerate; polygenous conglomerate polygene[tic] eruption polygene[tic] soil polygene[tic] volcano polygeosyncline; schuchert Polygnathidae polygonal ground polygonal soil crack polyhalite polyhedric projection polylithionates polylithionite polymer polymere polymere rock polymerization polymetamorphic deposit polymetamorphic rock polymetamorphism polymeter polymict polymictic lake polymignite polymodal distribution polymorph polymorphic species polymorphism polyneutron fission theory polynya polyoxibiotic polypoid form polyparagenetic minerals polyphagous polyphasic allometry polyphasic orogenic cycle polyphyletic evolution polyphyly polypite polyploid Polyprotodontia polysilicates polysphaerite polysynthetic crystal polysynthetic glacier polysynthetic twin Polytcoelia Polythecalis polytropic atmosphere polytropic process polytype polytypic species polyxene (platinum) polyzoa; Bryozoa polzenite pond pondage ponente Pongidae poniente ponite Pontian age pontias ponzaite; ponzite; ponza-trachyte pool poonahlite poor lime poor ore poor visibility Poorga poorly sorted sediments popogaio population population concept population dynamics population genetics population size Populus Porambonites porcelain porcelain clay porcelain crucible porcelain dish porcelain jasper porcelaneous layer porcelaneous test porcelanite porcellaneous serpentine; porcellophite pore pore canal pore fluid; pore solution pore size distribution pore space pore water pore-rhomb; rhombic pore poriaz Porifera; Spongia Porlezzina porodite porosity porous layer porous limestone porous structure porpecite; porpezite porphyrite porphyritic crystal porphyritic diorite porphyritic granite porphyritic microgranite porphyritic rhyolite porphyritic schist porphyritic texture porphyroblast porphyroblastic texture porphyroblastic schist porphyroclast porphyroclastic texture porphyro-granulitic texture porphyroid porphyry porphyry copper [deposits] Porpites portable cup anemometer Portlandian age portlandite porto marble position position angle position circle position vector position-filar micrometer positive allometry positive area positive axis positive colloid positive crystal positive element positive elongation positive eyepiece positive hemipyramid positive ions positive movement positive pyritohedron positive rain positive shelf positive strike-slip fault positive tetrahedron positron possible error possible reserve possible sunshine hours post igneous action post-adaptation post-axial region post-caldera cone Post caledonian regeneration Post cambrian strata post-cranial skeleton post-crystalline deformation post-frontal fog posterior adductor muscle scar posterior chordate posterior end posterior lobe posterior spine posterior sulcus postfrontal post-geosynclinal epoch Postglacial age postglacial isostatic rebound post glacial transgression posthumous movement posthumous relief post-igneous action postkinematic stage postkinematic magmatism postmagmatic stage postorbital postorogenic basin postorogenic stage postplatform activization Post-pliocene postsplenial post-tectonic crystallization post-tectonic plutonism Postvariscan regeneration post-volcanic action pot-clay pot experiment potamogenic deposit potamology potamo-plankton potash alum; potassalumite potash feldspar; potassium feldspar potash harmotome potash mica; potassium minerals potash rhyolite potash series potash-jarosite potash-liparite potassic shale potassium potassium 40-argon 40 dating potassium-argon dating method potassium cryolite potassium fixation potassium mica potassium minerals; potash minerals potassium-supplying power potential acidity potential density potential difference potential-drop ratio method potential energy potential evaporation potential evaportranspiration potential gradient potential head potential index of refraction potential instability potential volume potential vorticity potentiometer pothole potometer Potsdamian Epoch potstone Pottsville age poudrin poverty adjustment powder method powder snow powder x-ray diffractometer powdery avalanche powdery structure powellite power power density power density spectrum power of magnification power series power source power spectrum analysis Poyang glaciation Poynting-Robertson effect pozzuolan[a] pozzuolite ppb ppm practical astronomy praearticulare praeopercular; preopercular praerosion face; praerosion plane prairie prairie mound prairie soil Prandtl number Puandtl-Gauret rule Praseodymium praseolite; prasiolite prasine prasinite prasinite facies Pratt isostasy pre-adaptation Preangiosperm pre-boreal age Pre-Cambrian; Precambrian Precambrian ice age precambrian period precambrian shield precambrian strata preceramic age precession precious metal precious opal precious stone precipice precipitable water precipitate precipitation precipitation intensity precipitation method precision precision depth recorder; P.D.R preconsolidation load precrystalline deformation predatory stream; capturing stream predazzite predentary bone prediction of eruption predissociation preferred orientation prefilter preformation theory prefrontal pre-glabellar field pre-geosynclinal structural beds preglacial drainage Preglacial Pleistocene preglacial valley pre-gosau folding prehistoric age prehistoric world prehistory Pre-hominian prehnite prehnite-pumpellyite metagreywacke facies preliminaries; preliminary tremor preliminary wave; P wave preliminary phase preliminary portion premaxillary bone Pre-Moinian age premolar premonitory symptom preopercular; praeopercular preorogenic magmatism preorogenic stage preparate; thin section Prephanerogam prepollen Presapiens present period preserve preshadow method pressed figure; pressure figure pressure pressure aquifer pressure effect pressure figure; pressed figure pressure fissure pressure fluctuation pressure gauge pressure gradient pressure gradient force pressure maintenance pressure metamorphism pressure mineral pressure pan pressure ridge pressure sounding pressure suture pressure system pressure texture pressure-rift valley pretectionic recrystallization Pretertiary volcanic rocks prevailing westerlies prevailing wind prevomer Priabonian Age priceite priderite priele primaeval world Primary primary arc primary basalt primary body cavity primary coast primary concretion primary consumer primary cortex primary cosmic radiation primary deposit primary dip primary downward changes primary earthquake primary enrichment primary foliation primary form primary fumarole primary gas primary geosyncline primary igneous gneiss primary layer primary joint primary lineation primary magma primary mineral primary mineralization primary mouth primary optic axis primary ore zone primary peneplain primary phase primary porosity primary ray primary reduced zone primary rocks primary septum primary skarn primary skeleton primary soil primary stratification primary structure primary succession primary sulfide zone primary tectogenesis primary tide primary variations in depth primary wave; P wave primary wind primary xylem Primates prime meridian primeval lead; primordial lead primeval rock primitive atmosphere primitive circle primitive form primitive lattice primitive ocean Primofilicales primordial primordial composition primordial dust cloud primordial gases primordial heat principal axis principal axis of symmetry principal earthquake principal etched zone principal flow cleavage principal fold principal glacial age principal ingredient principal joint principal phase principal plane of symmetry principal point principal river principal shock principal strain principal stress principal stress line principal structure principal tectonic stage principal velocity principal vent principal volcano principal wave principle of biologic continuity principle of general relativity principle of organic unity principle of superposition principal refractive indices print priorite priority prism prism of first order prism of second order prism of third order prismatic astrolabe prismatic face prismatic habit prismatic jointing prismatic layer prismatine; prismatite prismatophyllum prismoid body Proanura Proasaphiscus probability paper probable reserve probe probertite problematica Proboscidea Proboscihipparion procambium Procamelus process process lapse rate prochlorite Prochordata procline procoelous vertebra Procompsog nathus proconsul Proconsul atriconus Procynocephalus prod cast; prod mark prodelta clay prodelta deposit prodissoconch producer Procuctella Productellana productivity Productus Profile radius profile; section profile of equilibrium profile shooting profundal fauna Profusulinella progib proglacial deposit proglacial facies proglacial lake proglacial stream prognostic chart; prognotic map progradation prograding shoreline program evolution progressive deformation progressive development progressive deviation progressive evolution progressive metamorphism progressive offlap progressive overlap progressive sand wave progressive wave projected delta projected profile projected topographic profile projection prolate spheroid prolectite proloculum prolongation proluvium prolycopod promethium(Pr) prominence proof proofing process proostracum prootica propagation loss propagation velocity proparea Proparia (trilobitae) proper shock proportional counter proportional limit propylite propylitic facies propylitization prorogeny prosicula Prosimii Prosiphneus Prosmilia Prosobranchia prosopite prospecting rocket protactinium(Pa) protactinium decay method Protade1 protalus rampart Protangiospermae Protapirus Protathyris protected lowland protective colloid protegulum protein protein metabolism proteolite proterobase proterobase spessartite proterogenesis proterogenic rock Proterozic era Proterozoic group prothallial cell prothallium protheite Protista; protistic organisms Protitanotherium proto magma proto type Protoanthropic man Protoanthropic man stage Protoanthropus Protoarticulatae proto-atmosphere Protobatrachus protobitumen protodolomite Proto-blechnum Protobranchia Protobranchiate Gastropods Protobranchiate type Protoceras Protoceratops protochoanites Protochordata protoclase protoclase cleavage protoclastic texture protoconch protocone protocontinent protoconule protocrust protodont type Protodyakonov coefficient protogalactic cloud protogalaxy Protogastropoda protogenesis protogenetic rock; protogenic rock; protogenous rock protogine protohemiptera protohistoric age protohistory Protolepidodendron protolithionite proto-man protomylonite proton proton belt proton magnetometer protonosphere protopetroleum protoplanet protoplasma protoprism Protopteridium protopyramid protore Protorosauria Protorthptera Protospongia protostele Protostomia Protosuchia Protosuchus protosun Prototheria Protozoa Protremata protrocheata proustite provenance province province index provincial characteristic prowersite; prowersose proximal end proximal face proximal side proximate grade proxy-minerals przibramite psammite; psammyte psammite-gneiss psammitic schist psammitic structure Psaronius psephicity psephite; psephyte psephitic structure Pseudamplexus pseudo cross-bedding pseudo nodule pseudo slickensides pseudo-acidity pseudoadiabatic chart pseudoadiabatic condition pseudoadiabatic lapse rate pseudoaldite pseudo-anticline pseudoapatite pseudo-atoll pseudo-azimuthal projection pseudoboleite pseudo-bomb pseudobreccia pseudobrookite pseudo-candle coal Pseudoceratites pseudochitinous test pseudocirque pseudo-cleavage pseudocolumella pseudo-concordance pseudo-conglomerate pseudo-conic projection pseudocotunnite Pseudocreodi pseudo cruralium; notothyrial platform pseudocrystal Pseudoctenis Pseudocycas; Cycadites pseudo-cylindrical projection pseudodeltidium pseudodendritic structure pseudo-diabase pseudo-diorite pseudodoliolina pseudoeutectic texture pseudofossils pseudofront pseudogastrioceras pseudogirdle pseudo-glacial striation pseudogley soil pseudogleyzation pseudogravimetric anomaly pseudogravity pseudohexagonal crystal pseudohexagonal twin pseudohydrothermal solution pseudointerarea pseudoisometric crystal pseudo-kaliophilite pseudokarren (pseudolapies) pseudokettle pseudolagoon pseudolapies; pseudokarren pseudoleucite pseudomalachite pseudomesolite pseudomicroseism Pseudomonotis pseudo-moraine pseudomorph pseudomorphism pseudopisolites pseudo-phenocryst pseudophite pseudoplankton pseudopodium [in Rhizopoda] pseudoporphyritic texture pseudopunctate test pseudoresupinate Pseudoschwagerina pseudoscopic viewing Pseudoscorpionida pseudosolution pseudospherulite pseudospondylium Pseudostaffella pseudostratification Pseudosuchia pseudosymmetry pseudo-syncline pseudotachylite Pseudotirolites pseudo-unconformity Pseudouralinia pseudoviscous flow pseudo-volcanic eruption pseudo-volcanic features pseudo-volcanic phenomena pseudowavellite pseudowollastonite psilomelane Psilophyta Psilophyton psittacinite Psittacosaururs Psocoptera Psychozoic era Psychozoic group psychrometer Pteraspis Pterichthys Pteridospermae Pteridophyta Pteridospermophyta Pteridospermopsida Pterocarya Pterodactyloidea Pterodactylus Pterophyllum pteropod chalky ooze pteropod ooze Pteropoda Pteropsida Pterosauria pterygoid bone Pterygota Pterygotus Ptilograpfidae ptilolite Ptilophyllum Ptilozamites Ptychaspis Ptychoparia Ptychophyllum ptygmatic fold ptygmatic vein pubic bone pucherite puckering pudding granite puddingstone puddle puddle clay pug puglianite Pugnax pulaskite pulaskite oplite pulaskite pegmatite pull-apart pull-apart structure Pulmonata pulp pulp cavity pulsation; pulsatory oscillations pulsation period pulsation system pulsation theory pulse duration pulse interval pulse length pulse recurrence rate pulse width pulverite; pulveryte pulverized limestone pulverulent body pulverulite pumice pumice cone pumice flow pumice sand pumiceous structure pumice-tuff pumpage pumpelly's rule pumping test punctate Punctospirifer pungent taste Puppis Purbeck pure coal; unit coal pure shear pure strain purple copper [ore] purple sand purple stone purpurite push moraine pustulum putrefaction putrid mud pluviometer puy puy type volcano puzzolana; puzzolane; puzzolano; pozzuolan puzzolite P-wave Pycnactidae Pycnactis pycnite pycnocline pycnometer pygidial plate; pygidium pygostyle pyralspite pyramid pyramid of first order pyramid of numbers pyramid of second order pyramid of third order pyramidal face pyramidal hemihedrism; pyramidal hemihedry pyramidal hemimorph pyramidal tetrahedron pyramidal wave pyrandine pyranometer pyrargyrite pyrauxite pyrennean movement pyrgom pyrheliometer pyribole pyrimidine pyrite cinder pyrite deposit pyrite type pyritic bedded deposit pyritization pyritohedron pyritoidal form pyritoides pyritosalite pyroaurite pyrobelonite pyrobitumen pyrobituminous shale pyrochlore; pyrochlorite; pyrrhite pyrochroite pyroclast; pyroclastic material pyroclastic cone pyroclastic debris pyroclastic dike pyroclastic deposit pyroclastic flow pyroclastic flow plateau pyroclastic key bed pyroclastic rock facies pyroclastic rocks pyroclastics pyroconite pyrocrystalline texture pyroelectricity pyrogene; pyrogenetic; pyrogeny; pyrogenous pyrogenetic rock pyrogenetic minerals pyrogenic deposit pyrogenic rocks pyrogenous rock pyrognostic test pyrolith pyrolusite pyromeride pyro-metamorphism pyrometasomatic deposit pyrope pyrophanite pyrophyllite pyropissite pyroretin; pyroretinite pyrorthite pyroschist pyrosclerite pyrosmalite pyrostibite pyrostilpnite pyrotechnite pyrotheria pyroxenes; pyroxene group pyroxene amphibolite pyroxene andesite pyroxene granite pyroxene mangerite pyroxene quartz porphyry pyroxene trachyte pyroxenite (pyroxenolite) pyromangite pyrrhosiderite; goethite pyrrhotine; pyrrhotite pyrrhotite peridotite Q wave Q-joint qarajel quadrant quadrant electrometer quadrantial distribution of initial motion quadrate Quadraticephalus quadratojugale quadrature quadrature spectrum quadrilateral quadriserial quadruple star quake quaking bog qualitative analysis quality factor quality of ground water quantitative analysis quantitative classification quantitative geomorphology quantitative stratigraphic map quantitative system quantity of state quantum evolution quantum number quantum theory quaquaversal dip quaquaversal fold quaquaversal structure quara quarfeloid quarry quarry water quarrying quarter undulation mica plate quarter undulation plate quertering quartile quartile deviation quartz quartz ankerite rock quartz basalt quartz cat's eye quartz clock quartz diorite quartz felsite quartz group quartz keratophyre quartz plate quartz rod quartz latite quartz sand quartz syenite quartz type quartz vein quartz wacke quartz wedge quartz-beraring diabase quartz-biotite-diorite quartz-free porphyry quartziferous rock quartzine quartzite quartzitic sandstone quartzlabradorite-monzonite quartz-mica-diorite-porphyrite quartz-monzonite quartz-muscovite rock quartz-nordmarkite quartzose sandstone quartzose schist quartz-phyllite quartz-porphyry quartz-sericite schist quartz-trachyte quas quasars; quasi-stellar radio sources quasiconformity quasi-craton quasi-craton basin quasicratonic area quasi-cratonic crustal belt quasi-cratonic shelf quasi-equilibrium Quasifusulina quasi-geostrophic approximation quasi-geostrophic equilibrium quasi-hydrostatic approximation quasi-Lagrangian coordinates quasi-levelling quasi-nondivergence quasi-reflection quasi-stationary front quasi-stationary time series quasi-stationary weather type Quasifusulina Quaternary Quaternary ice age Quaternary neotectonics Quaternary Period Quaternary System queluzite quenching method quenselite quenstedtite Quercophyllum Quercus quetenite quibla quick lime quicksand quick silver quick test; rapid test quiescent prominences quiet day geomagnetic variations quiet volcano quintile quisqueite R layer; R horizon raabsite R wave rabal race way race winite Rachytomous Lalyrinthodontia radar radar altimeter radar altitude radar astronomy radar band radar beam radar climatology radar constant radar cross-section radar detection radar duct radar echo radar equation radar hole radar horizon radar indicator radar meteorology radar mile radar range equation radar reflectivity radar report radar signal spectrograph radar theodolite radar system radar triangulation radar upper band radar volume radar wind system radarscope radarsonde raddle radial canal radial costa radial crack radial dike radial displacement radial drainage radial fault radial groove radial movement radial plate radial rift radial shield radial spherulite radial stress radial stripe radial symmetry radial triangulation radiant; radiant point radiant density radiant emittance radiant energy radiant flux radiant flux density radiant intensity radial veins radial velocity radian radiance Radiata radiant heat radiated pyrite radiated structure radiating ridges radiation radiation belt (radiation belt) radiation chart radiation fog radiation laws radiation loss radiation pattern radiation pressure radiation recorder radiation shield radiative diffusivity radiative equilibrium radiator radiatus radicites radicle radio altimeter radio astronomy radio atmometer radio beacon radio beam radio blackout radio burst radio climatology radio direction-finder radio duct radio emission [Saturn] radio energy radio fadeout radio field strength radio frequency radio frequency band radio galaxy radio goniometer radio hole radio horizon radio luminosity radio meteor radio meteorology radio mirage radio noise radio star radio telescope radio theodolite radio wave radioactivation analysis radioactive anomaly radioactive clock radioactive decay radioactive decay series radioactive disintegration radioactive elements radioactive emanation radioactive energy radioactive equilibrium radioactive fallout radioactive gas radioactive heat radioactive isotope radioactive logging radioactive luminescence radioactive mineral spring radioactive radiation radioactive snow-gage radioactive series radioactive thermoluminescence radioactive waste radioactive tracer technique radioactivity radioactivity log radioactivity logging radioactivity prospecting radiocarbon radiocarbon dating radiocolloid radiogenic isotope Radiolaria radiolarian chert radiolaria clay radiolarian earth radiolarian ooze radiolarian slate radiometer radiolarian type radiolitic texture radiological clock radiomaximograph radio-meterograph radiometric age radiometric dating radiometric magnitude radiometry radionuclide radiosonde radiosonde balloon radiosonde commutator radiosonde modulator radiosonde recorder radiosonde transmitter radiosonde-radiowind system radium radiumluminescence radius radius ratio radius vector radome radon detective radula radula teeth rafacelite raffiche rafted ice rafting rageas ragged ceilling raggiatura ragut raimondite rain rain area rain belt rain crust rain day rain [drop] impression; rain print rain erosion rain factor rain hours rain gage rain gush; rain gust rain making rain rill rain shadow rain shower rain spell rain stage rain storm rain wash rainbow rain cloud rain drop [size] spectra raindrop spectrograph raindrop splash raindrop rainfall rainfall coefficient rainfall distribution rainfall duration rainfall effectiveness rainfall frequency rainfall intensity rainfall inversion rainfall regime rainfall reliability rainfall variability rainforest rainforest climate rain-gage shield raininess rain-intensity gage rainmaking rainsplash rainwater rainy climate rainy day season rainy spell; wet-spell raised atoll raised bed river raised delta rake rake vein ralstonite ram penetrometer Ramapithecus ramifications rammelsbergite ramp ramp valley Ramsan dolomite ramsonde rancieite randite random random error random forecast random genetic drift random numbers random orientation random process random sample random variable range range attenuation range chart range delay range distortion range error range finder range gating range marker range of tide range resolution range strobe range wind range-front graben range-height indicator scope rank of coal Rankine-Hugoniot equation Rankine vortex rankinite ransomite raob raphe rapids rare earth elements rarefaction wave rare gas element rare-earth metal rarefaction rascle rashleighite rasping raspite raster Rastrites raster line rate of clock rate-of-rainfall gage rate of runoff rating curve ratio of concentration ratio of discharge rational analysis rational horizon rational index ratio-type lithofacies map rattle stone rauchwacke rauhaugite ravine ravine stream raw humus raw ore rawin rawin target rawinsonde ray ray system ray theory ray tracing ray [velocity] surface raydist Rayleigh atmosphere Rayleigh limit Rayleigh number Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh waves; R-wave rays of the moon razorback reach reaction reaction pair reaction principle reaction rate constant reaction relation reaction rim reaction series reaction skarn reaction system reaction velocity reaction velocity constant reactivated structural bed reactivation reading microscope readout station reagent reagent solution realgar; red arsenic reappear rebat reboyo recco recalcification recapitulation theory receding dental plate receding tide received power receiver recementation Recent recent limestone recent nanno plankton recent neotectonics Recent Period Receptaculites reception basin recess recession recession curve recession of valley sides recession stage recessional moraine recharge recharge area recharge storage recharging well reciprocal strain ellipsoid reclamation reclined fold recoil nucleus recoil streamer recombination recombination time recon reconnaissance survey reconnaissance soil map reconstructed glacier record record observation recorder recording currentmeter recording gauge recording oscillograph recording potentiometer recrystallised limestone recrystallization recrystallization hypothesis recrystallized skarn rectangular coordinates rectangular drainage Recticulum; Rhomboidal Net rectified photo mosaic rectifier rectigradation; Aristogenesis rectilinear drainage rectilinear till ridge rectilinear arrangement rectilinear slope rectimarginate Rectithyris rectorite recumbent anticline recumbent fold; lying fold recurrence recurrence formula recurrence frequency recurrence horizon recurrence interval recurrent fauna recurrent fold recurrent magnetic storm recurvature recurvature of storm red agate red antimony red bed red bed facies red clay red cobalt red copper ore red desert soil red earth; red soil; red loam red giant star red iron ore red iron vitriol red manganese [ore] red mud red ocher red ooze red orpiment; realgar red quartz red rain Red River crystalline zone red sand red sandstone red schorl red shift red silver ore red slate red snow red soil layer red spot Red Spot Hollow red tide red vitriol red wood red zinc ore reddingite reddish-brown lateritic soils reddish brown soil reddish chestnut soil reddish desert soil reddish podsol reddish prairie soil reddish yellow podzolic soil reddle redeposition redeposited loess redge; sunken reef Redlichia Redlichia province Redlichiacea redondite redox potential redruthite reduced coefficient of permeability reduced gravity reduced pressure reduced thickness reduced zone; reduction zone reducing flame reduction reduction color test reduction of gravity reduction of progressive variability reduction ratio reduction to sea level reduzates redwitzite red-yellow podzolic soil red-yellow soil Reech number reed swamp reef reef canal reef cap reef coral reef facies reef flat reef limestone reef patch reef plain reef sediments reef trap reef-building coral reef-covered terrace reef-knoll reentering angle; re-entrant angle reference axis reference ellipsoid (reference spheroid) reference sample reference star reference spheroid; reference ellipsoid reference station reflected buried hill structure reflected image reflected light reflected ray reflected wave reflecting color reflecting goniometer reflecting mirror reflecting stereoscope reflecting telescope reflecting-block folding reflection reflection angle reflection method reflection microscope reflection of polarization reflection pleochroism reflection profiling reflection rainbow reflection shooting reflection twin reflective power reflectivity reflectometer reflector reflux refolded fold refolding refoli refracted angle; refraction angle refracted ray refracting telescope refraction refraction coefficient refraction equivalent refraction method refractive modulus refractivity refractometer refractories; refractory material refractoriness refractory brick refractory clay refractory ore refrigeration salt refringence Refsdal diagram refused ore refusion reg (gravel desert) regelation regenerated crust regenerated crystal regenerated deposit regenerated rock regeneration regeneration theory regenporphyry regime of river regimen region of alimentation region of escape region of melting regional dip regional division regional forecast regional geography regional geology regional geomorphology regional limnology regional melting regional metamorphic belt regional metamorphic deposit regional metamorphic rock regional metamorphism regional strike regional thermal metamorphism regional theory register regional unconformity regosol regradation regraded saline soil regression regression of the node regression phase regressive evolution regressive metamorphism; retrogressive metamorphism; retrograde metamorphism regressive offlap regressive overlap regular coast regular inclusion regular nebula regular reflection regular reflector regular solution regular system Regulata regulation of pumpage regur rehydration reichardtite reinite reitingerite rejected ore rejuvenated fault scarp rejuvenated orogenic zone rejuvenated platform rejuvenated river rejuvenated valley rejuvenation related stream relative angular momentum relative age relative chronology relative consistency relative contour relative coordinate system relative density relative discharge relative displacement relative divergence relative entropy function relative evaporation relative frequency relative gradient current relative gravimetric observation relative growth relative height relative humidity relative hypsography relative isohypse relative measure relative momentum relative motion relative orientation relative parallax relative permeability relative reduction relative relief relative scattering function relative scatter intensity relative snowline relative sunspot number relative velocity relative visibility relative vorticity relativistic cosmology relativistic electron relativity relativity theory relaxation relaxation time relay earthquake relaxation method release fracture release joint released mineral relic relic fauna relic gneiss relic island relic lake relic mountain relic sea relic soils relic species relic texture relics relic structure; relict structure relict bedding relict dike relict effect relict fabric relict landscape relict minerals relict sediment relief relief displacement relief energy relief feature relief inversion relief model relocation reluctance remanent magnetism remigrant foramen remingtonite remnant magnetization remnant stream remobilization remote picture remote sensing technology remote sensor removal correction renardite rend rendzina renewed fault renierite reniform texture rensselaerite rent of displacement reorientation repeated reflection repeated twin repetition repetition frequency repetition of beds repetition of outcrop repetitive faulting repichnia replaceable bases replacement replacement bone replacement deposit replacement remnants replacement vein replacing overlap replat; shoulder replica replica method repose angle repose period repose slope representative basin representative sample repressuring reproductive differentiation reproductive isolation Reptilia reptization repulsive mineral resaturation r'eseau r'eseau mondial resedimentation resequent fault-line scarp resequent stream resequent valley reserve reservoir reservoir bed reservoir behaviour reservoir rock reshabar residence time residual block residual boulder residual charge method residual clay residual concentration residual deposit; residuary deposit residual drawdown residual gravity residual liquid residual magma residual mineral residual mountain residual ore residual organic deposit residual sediment residual soil residual volcanic neck residue resilicification resilifer resin canal; resin duct resin opal resinite resinous luster resinous serpentine; retinalite resistance depth resistance equation resistance quotient resistant layer resistivity resistivity method resistivity profile resolution resolution deposit resolution of forces resolution salt resolved shear stress resolving power resonance resonance scattering resonance trough resonator resorped crystal resorption resorption border resorption schlieren resource respiration respiratory enzyme system responder response method rest mass restoration restoring force restricted transport resultant wind resulting tide resupinate resurgence resurgent caldera resurgent ejecta resurgent gas resurgent vapors resurgent water resurrected erosion surface resurrected fault coast resurrected fault scarp resurrected landscape resurrected peneplain resurrected peneplane shoreline resurrected relief retained water retainer retardation retarding basin retgersite reticular density reticular evolution reticulate cleavage reticulate mottling; reticulated mottle reticulate nummulites reticulated structure reticulated texture reticulated vein reticule reticulite retigradation retinite Retiolites retort clay retreatal moraine retreated movement retreating coast retrogradation retrograde condensation retrograde orbit retrograde phenomenon retrograde rotation retrograde vaporization retrograde wave retrograding shoreline retrogressive erosion retrogressive evolution retroreflection retroreflector return period return signal return streamer return stroke returning well retzbanyite retzian; retzianite revegetation reverberation reverberator furnace reversal of magnetization reverse cell reverse epoch reverse fault; reversed fault reversed arc reversed drag [fold] reversed erosion fault-line scarp reversed fold-fault reversed limb reversed normal fault reversed river reversed stratigraphic sequence reversed tide reversed upthrust reversely-graded bedding reversible process reversing current reversing layer reversion; atavism revived fault revival of erosion revived river revolution rewdinskite reworked fossil reyerite Reynold's number Reynold's stress rezbanyite rhabdacanth rhabdite; schreibersite rhabdophane (rhabdophanite) rhabdophanite; rhabdophane Rhabdosome rhachis Rhacopteris rhaegmageny Rhaetic age rhaetizite Rhaeto-Lias flora rhagite Rhamphorhy nchus Rhaphiophyllum Rhea Rheinisch Massif rhenium rhenium-osmium dating rheoignimbrite rheological property of soil rheology rheology model rheomorphic fold rheomorphism rheoplankton rheotaxis rhizic zone; root zone rhizobium rhincholites Rhinoceros antiquitatis; Rhinoceros tichorhinus Rhinoceros Rhipidoglossa rhizoconcretion; rhizomorph rhizoid rhizomoid Rhizophyllum Rhizopoda rhizosphere Rhodea Rhodesia man rhodite; rhodium gold rhodizite rhodochrome rhodochrosite rhodolite rhodonite Rhodophyceae rhodophyllite Rhodophyta rhoenite rhoenite basalt rhombic base rhombic brachy-prism rhombic brachy-pyramid rhombic dipyramid rhombic dipyramidal class rhombic disphenoid rhombic disphenoidal class rhombic dodecahedron rhombic feldspar nepheline syenite rhombic feldspar syenite rhombic hemimorphic class rhombic holohedral class rhombic interference ripple rhombic macro-prism rhombic macro-pyramid rhombic pore; pore-rhomb rhombic prism rhombic prismatic class rhombic projection rhombic pyramid rhombic pyramidal class rhombic section rhombic sphenoid rhombic sphenoidal class rhombic sphenoidal hemihedry rhombic symmetry rhombic system rhombic unit prism rhombic unit pyramid rhombic feldspar analcite trachyte Rhombifera rhomboclase; rhomboclasite rhomboclasite; (rhomboclase) rhombohedral tetartohedrism rhombohedral axis rhombohedral carbonates rhombohedral class rhombohedral drainage rhombohedral enantiomorphic hemihedral class rhombohedral hemihedrism; rhombohedral hemihedry rhombohedral holohedral class rhombohedral lattice rhombohedral subsystem rhombohedral system rhombohedral tetartohedral class rhombohedral tetartohedry rhombohedron rhombohedron of the first order rhomboid ripple mark rhomb [en]-porphyry rhombus baseline rhumb line Rhynchocephalia Rhyhchonellacea Rhynchosaurus Rhynia rhyodacite rhyodiabasic texture rhyocrystal rhyodacite rhyodiabasic texture rhyolite rhyolite-pitchstone rhotaxitic texture rhythm rhythmic fluctuation rhythmic percipitation rhythmic succession rhythmite ria shoreline ria coast rib rib furrow riband jasper riband stone ribbed canal ribbed moraine ribbon bomb ribbon diagram ribbon lightning ribbon reef ribbon rock ribbon structure Richardson number richetite richterite ricolettaite rider ridge ridge aloft ridge line ridge type ridged beach plain ridgelike fold ridge fault ridged ice riebeckite riebeckite aplite riebeckite aplite-granite riebeckite granite riebeckite syenite riebeckite-microgranite riebeckite-quartz-keratophyre Riecke's law of crystallization Riecke's principle riedel riedenite riefne riegel riesenflaser structure riffle riffle sampler rift rift block rift block basin rift block mountain rift block valley rift mountain rift system rift valley rift zone rift-valley lake right ascension right coiling right handed fault right handed separation; right lateral separation right-handed crystal right-handed en echelon folding right-handed polarization right-handed quartz right sphere rigidity rill rill erosion; rill wash rill mark rill of the moon rille rilled stone rillet rim rim deposit rim syncline rime rime fog rime ice rimstone rind ice ring caral ring current ring dike ring fault ring fracture ring furrow ring nebula ring of fire ring ore ring reef ring structure Ringelmann chart ring-fracture stoping ringite ringite pegmatite rings of saturn rinkite rinkolite; mosandrite rinneite rip rip current rip tide ripidolite; aphrosiderite; prochlorite ripe ripple ripple cross-lamination ripple index; ripple mark index ripple mark rippled slope rippled surface rise rise pit riser rising coast rising nappe risoerite Riss glacial age; Riss glaciation Rissoacea Riss-W?rm interglacial age rittingerite river river bank river basin river bed river bottom river capture; river piracy river course river density river deposit river deposition river discharge river engineering river facies river forecast river gage river gravel river head river ice river inversion river lake river level river load river mouth river order river plain river regime river source river stage river swamp river terrace river terrace deposit river tide river transportation river valley river width riversideite riversiderite rivulet rizzonite road cut roaring forties roasting method robinsonite Robitzsch actinograph Rocelle salt Roche density Roche limit roche moutonnees rock rock arch rock asphalt rock avalanche rock bar rock basin rock bench rock breaking rock burst rock cleavage rock creep rock crystal rock debris rock desert; hammada rock drumlin rock dust rock fall rock erosion rock fan rock floor rock flour; rock meal rock formation rock forming element rock forming mineral rock fracture rock glacier (rock stream) rock gypsum rock knob rock mechanics rock milk rock nest rock niche rock oil rock pillar rock plain rock pressure rock ridge rock river terrace rock section method rock series rock shachiang rock slide rock soap rock step rock stream rock terrace rock type rock unit rock waste rock wreath rockallite rockallite porphyry rockbridgeite rockair rocket rocket lighting rocket sonde rock-glacier creep rock-defended terrace rockoon Rocky geosyncline rodding structure Rodentia rodingite rodite roe stone; oolite roeblingite Roentgen ray roepperite Rogers symbol roll roll cloud roll cumulus rollability rollability curve rollability diagram rolled out rolled-up pebble roller mill method rollers rolling rolling hills rolling plain Roman cement romeite romerite; roemerite rondada rongstockite Rontgen ray Rontgenite rontgenluminescene roof roof fall roof foundering roof limb roof pendant roof rock roofing slate rooseveltite root root hole root nodule root of mountain root of mountain theory root soluble root system rooted tooth rootless intrafolial fold rootless vent root-mean-square error rope ropes of Maui ropy lava; pahoehoe rosasite rosau roscherite roscoelite rose beryl rose cut rose diagram rose quartz roselite rosenbuschite rosette rosette structure rosickyite rosieresite Rosin's law Rosiwal micrometric method Rosiwal principle Rossby diagram Rossby number Rossby regime Rossby wave Rossi Forel intensity scale rossite rosslerite Rostrospiracea rostrum (Belemnoidea) rotary inversion rotary reflection rotated lamellae rotating muticylinder rotating Reynolds number rotating-beam ceilometer rotating-crystal method rotation rotation anemometer rotation axis rotation band rotation fault; rotatory fault rotation twin rotational deformation rotational energy rotational eustacy rotational grazing rotational instability rotational movement rotational slip rotational strain rotational wave rotatory polarization rotatory polarization angle rothoffite rotenturn wind Rotliegende epoch Rotliegende series Rotliegendes rotor rotor cloud rotoscope rotten ice rottisite rotton stone rouge rougemontite rough sea rough surface roughness length roughness coefficient roughness of river beds rounding roundness roundness route route component route cross-section route forecast route map routivarite rouvillite roweite rowlandite R-tectonite rubace; rubasse rubber ice rubbish rubble drain rubble [stone] rubble masonry dam rubellan ruberite; ruby copper [ore] rubicelle rubidium vapor magnetometer rubidium rubidium-strontium dating rubiesite ruby ruby silver [ore] ruby spinel ruddle rude petroleum rudimentary organ rudimentary type glacier Rudistes rudite; rudyte; rudaceous rock Ruffordia rugae rugged coast Rugosofusulina Ruhespuren ruin marble ruin sea ruin-agate Ruminantia rumongite Rumpfebene rumpfite run run of gold runite running mean run-off runoff coefficient runoff cycle runoff relation run-of-mine ore Rupelian age rupture runway observation runway visibility runway visual range rupture de pente rupture line rupture metamorphism rupture strength rupturing movement rushabar Rusoid Russel-Hertzsprung diagram russellite Russian platform ruthenium ruthenosiridium; rutosirita rutherfordite rutile rutile ilmenitite rutile nelsonite rutile plagiaplite rutterite S diagram S/N ratio S value S wave; Secondary wave S* wave S wave; Sg wave S zero; S0 galaxies Sealian movement Sabal Sabarovite sabkha; sebkha sabre-tooth tiger sabugalite saccharite saccharoidal marble saccharoidal texture sacchite sack-like structure saddle saddle saddle axis saddle back saddle bend saddle fissure saddle fold saddle reef; saddle vein safe semicircle safe yield safflorite sag sag pond sagenite; sagenitic quartz Sagenopteris sagger clay sagitta Sagitta; Arrow Sagittarius; Archer sagvandite Saha equation Sahara massif sahel sahlite sahlite acmite sai sajong soil sakalavite sakuraiite sal; sial sal(C.I.P.W) sal ammoniac; salammonite sal ammoniac soda Salamandra Salamandrina salband salcrete saleeite; saleite salfemic (C.I.P.W) salic (C.I.P.W) salic horizon salic mineral salient Salientia salina saline saline alkali soil saline bitter spring saline deposits saline facies saline formation saline lake saline sediments saline spring saline taste saline-alkali soil salinity salinity bridge salinity current salinization salinized chestnut soil salinometer salite salitrite Salix salmiac salmonsite Salopian age salse salt salt anticline salt clay salt corry salt crust salt desert salt dome salt dike salt fretting salt geology salt glacier salt haze salt hill salt horst salt karst salt lake salt marsh; marine marsh salt mine salt nuclei salt pan salt peter salt playa salt plug salt pond salt prairie salt range salt spring salt stock salt tolerance salt water lake salt weathering salt well salt-and-pepper sand saltation saltation; sport saltation jumping saltation transport Saltopsuchus saltpeter salt-pit salty taste Salvinia samarium Samaropsis samarskite samirestie sammel crystallization sammel blende sample sample log sampling tube sampleite sampler sampling san sebastian salt sanbornite sancyite sand sand and gravel sand and gravel pit sand auger sand avalanche sand bank sand bar sand coal sand column sand cone sand culture sand crystals sand desert sand devil sand drift sand dune sand fall sand flow sand hill sand levee sand mist sand pillar sand pinnacle sand pipe sand plain sand plug sand protecting plantation sand ribbon sand ripple sand scratches sand sea sand sheet sandy shore sand snow sand spit sand spout sand storm; sandstorm sand transportation sand traps sandbergerite sand-blasted pebble; windkanter; ventifacts; facetted pebble; windworn pebble sandblasting sand-covered hillock sander; sandur sanderite sand-mud ratio sand-shale ratio sandstone sandstone sill sand-watch structure sandwitch structure sandy clay sandy clay loam sandy coast sandy conglomerate sandy desert sandy flysch sandy hook sandy loam sandy mud sandy shale sandy slate sandy soil Sangamon interglacial stage Sangkan gneiss sanidine sanidine carbonatite sanidine nephelinite sanidine phonolite sanidinite sanidinite facies sanidophyre sanmartinite Sanmenian series sannaite sansar Sanson Flamsteed projection Santa Ana Santa Rosa storm Santonian age santorinite sanukite sanukitoid saoet saponite Saportea sapphire sapphire quartz sapphirine (sapphirite) sapping; undercutting saprocol; sapropelite saprogeneous ooze saprolite; saprolith; sapropelic rock saprolitic weathering sapropel sapropelic coal saprophagous saprophagy saprophyte sarca sarcolite sarcopside; sarcopsite sarcotesta sard; sardine; sardite; carnellian sardiniane; sardinianite sardoine sardonyx sargasso sea Sargassum sarkinite Sarmatian age sarmientite sarnaite Saros saros cycle sarsar sartorite Sassafras sastrugi satan sassoline; sassolite satellite satellite dike satellite drag satellite geodesy satellite meteorology satellite orbit satellitic injection satellite navigation satellite triangulation satin ice satin spar; satin stone saturable core magnetometer saturated air saturated belt; saturated zone saturated flow saturated mineral saturated permeability saturated rock saturated vapor pressure saturation saturation adiabat saturation-adiabatic lapse rate saturation deficit saturation degree saturation line saturation mixing ratio saturation point saturation specific humidity saturation vapor pressure Saturn Saturnian ring Saturnicentric coordinates saucer lake sauconite Saukia Saurischia Sauropleura Sauropterygia Sauropus saussurite saussurite-gabbro saussuritization savanna[h] savanna climate savanna landscape Savart's plate Savian movement saw-cut gorge saw-cut valley sawing sawtooth ridge saxonian series Saxonite saynite scabland; badland scacchite scalar scalar product scalar property scalar quantity scale scale error scale height scale model scale of fissility scale of fusibility scale of hardness scale of intensity scale of turbulence scale of seismic intensity scale of wind-force scale structure scalenohedron scale-protractor scaling factor scaling scallop scalloped [cell] scalped anticline scaly structure scaly texture scandent scandium scanning electronic microscope scanoite Scaphites scaphiticone Scaphopoda scapolite scapolite group scapolite-belugite scapolite-gabbro scapolite rock scapolitization scapula scar scarp retreat scarpfoot spring scarp-slope-shelf topography scatter scatter angle scatter communication scatter diagram scatter propagation scattered injection scattered light scattered power scattered ray scattering scattering area coefficient scattering area ratio scattering coefficient scattering layer scattering power scawtite scepter-quartz schafarzikite schallerite schalstein schapbachite scharnitzer schatzelite schaum-earth schaumgyps schaumkalk scheelite; scheelit scheelitine scheererite schefferite schematic columnar section scherm; sherm; sherum; cherm schichtstufengebirge schiller quartz schillerfels schillerization schioler-apar schirmerite schist schistose schistose amphibolite schistose coal schistose gabbro schistose gneiss schistose granular structure schistosity schistosity fold Schizaea Schizaeopsis Schizaster Schizocorallia schizodont dentition Schizodonta schizolite schizomorphic crystal schizont Schizophoria Schizophyta Schizospirifer Schlernwind schlieren Schmidt net Schmidt telescope Schmidt's conjugate-power laws schneebergite schoarite schoenite; schonite schoepite schollendome; lava dome scholzite schorenbergite schorl; schorlite schorlaceous rock schorlomite schorl rock schorl schist schriesheimite schriftgranite Schubertella schuchardtite schuderdtite schuilingite schultenite Schultze method Schumann-Runge continuum schungite schuppen structure Schwagerina schwartzembergite schwatzite Scincus scintillation scintillation counter scintillator scintillometer scirocco Sciurus Scleractinia sclerite scleroclase sclerodermites sclerometer scleroprotein sclerotesta sclerotic ring sclerotium sclerynchyme scolecodont Scolosaurus scope scooped lake scoops scopulite scoria scoria cone scoria fall [deposit] scoria flow scoria moraine scoria-agglomerate scoriaceous block scoriaceous bomb scoriaceous lava scoria mound scoria-tuff Scorpio; Scorpion Scorpioinidea Scorpius scorzalite Scotch mist scotiolite scotopic vision scour cast scour finger scouring scouring limit scovillite scraping method scratch scratching scratching hardness scree scree moraine screen screen analysis screened pan screened sand screening screw axis of symmetry screw dislocation screw value scroll meander scrub Sculptor; Apparatus of the Sculptor sculpture scud scute Scutum; Shield of Sobieski scyelite Scythian age sea air sea arch sea basin sea bed sea bore sea breeze sea breeze effect sea cave sea chart sea cliff sea clutter sea disturbance sea echo sea erosion sea facies sea floor sea fog sea groove sea hemisphere sea horizon sea ice seaknoll sea level sea level pressure sea map sea monsoon sea loch sea notch sea rainbow sea return sea salt sea scarp sea serpent sea shore sea smoke sea state sea surface sea terrace sea turn sea water mud sea wave sea-barometer sea-beach placer sea-born magnetometer sea-bottom deposits sea-bottom plain sea-breeze front sea-chalk seafloor spreading theory seagrass sealed earth sea-level datum sea-level horizon sea-level pressure seam seamanite seamount seapeak seaquake; sea shock sea of transgression; transgression search light searlesite sea-salt nucleus seasonal creep seasonal cycle seasonal growth seasonal isolation seasonal lake seasonal variation seasonal weather sea-surface slope seat earth seaward migration seaweed seaweed bed sebastianite Sebecus Sebecusuchia secaire Secchi's disc sechard seclusion second boiling second boiling point second law of thermodynamics second layer second order dipyramid second order lamellae second order leveling second pendulum clock second phase secondary albite secondary arc secondary atmosphere secondary atmospheric component secondary axis of symmetry secondary axis of total symmetry secondary body cavity secondary change secondary circulation secondary clay secondary cleavage secondary coast secondary cold-front secondary concretion secondary consolidation secondary crater secondary cyclone secondary deposit secondary depression secondary diffraction secondary downward changes secondary earthquake secondary emission secondary enlargement secondary enrichment secondary enrichment zone Secondary (Mesozoic era) secondary eruption secondary essential element; secondary nutrient element secondary extinction effect secondary fault secondary flow secondary fold secondary foliation secondary forest secondary fossil secondary front secondary fumarole secondary geosyncline secondary growth secondary hydrothermal deposit secondary interstice secondary joint secondary landslide secondary laterite secondary layer secondary lineation secondary loess secondary low secondary meridian secondary mineral secondary minimum secondary product of weathering secondary rainbow secondary saline soil secondary soil particle secondary scattering secondary soil secondary spectrum secondary wave; S wave seconds of arc seconds of time second-trip echo sector wind secular aberration secular acceleration secular changes secular parallax secular perturbations secular trend secular variation sedentary soil sedimentary rock sediment discharge rating sedimentation sedimento-eustasy sedimentogenesis sedimentology sediments sedimentary tuff seebenite seed coat seed crystal seed ferns; pteridosperms seeding seed-time seeing seep seepage seepage discharge seepage equation seepage erosion seepage failure seepage pressure seepage velocity seepage water se-fabric segmentation segment segregation segregation banding "segregation" schlieren segregation vein Sehnenberg seiche seif dune seif ridge seism seismic area seismic focus; seismic origin seismic force seismic intensity; seismic coefficient seismic intensity scale seismic method seismic moraine seismic motion seismic plane seismic profile seismic prospecting seismic prospecting method seismic ray seismic refraction method seismic region seismic spread seismic trigger seismic sea wave seismic wave seismic wave propagation velocity seismic zoning map seismicity seismicity map seismites seismo-electric effect seismogram seismograph seismographic record seismologic record seismology seismomagnetic effect seismometer seismometry seismoscope seismotectonic line seismotectonic map seismotectonics Seistan Selachii seladonite Selaginellales Selaginellitites selagite selatan selbergite selbite selection coefficient selection pressure selection transportation selective abrasion selective absorption selective diagram selective erosion selective fusion; selective melting selective metasomatism selective radiation selective replacement selective scattering selective weathering selenates selenides selenio-siegenite selenio-vaesite selenite selenite plate selenium photometer selenium silver selenocenter selenodont; selenoid tooth selendesy selenographic coordinates selenography selenojarosite selenolite selensulphur selentellurium self oscillation self-recording baremeter self-recording hygrometer self-recording rain gauge self-risen ground self-potential self-potential map sellaite selsyn selva landscape selvage selvas semi latus rectum semi-analytic aerial triangulation semiannual tide semianthracite semiarid climate semiarid region semiarid tropic zone semibituminous coal semibolson semibright coal semi-coke semiconductor semiconfined water semicrystalline texture semi-diurnal arc semidiurnal current semidiurnal tide semi-diurnal type semi-fossil semi-hard rock semi-interquartile range semilongitudinal fault semi-major axis semi-metallic luster semi-minor axis semi-nephrite seminiferous scale semionotide semiopal semi-parameter semi-pearly luster semi-pegmatitic texture semi-permanent anticyclone semi-permanent depression semi-permanent high semi-permeable membrane semi-precious stone semi-range semischist semi-solid semispecies semi-transparent mineral semitransverse fault semivolcanic explosion semizonal soil sempatic texture semseyite senaite senarmontite sengierite senile river senile soil senility; old stage Senomanian age Senonian age sense of fault sensible earthquake sensible heat sensitive color sensitive color plate sensitive latitude sensitive violet sensitiveness; sensitivity sensitivity ratio; degree of sensitivity sensitivity time control sensor sepal separating power separation separator Sepioidea sepiolite septa septal collar septal fossula septal funnel septal furrow septal groove septal grouping septal insertion septal lamellae septal line septal neck septal perforation; septal pore septal ridge septal spine septalium septaria; septarian nodule; septarium septulum septum Sepula sequence sequence of crystallization sequence of strata sequential landform Sequoia serac serein serendibite serial homology serial samples serial section seriate fabric sericite sericite schist sericite-gneiss sericite-phyllite sericitization sericolite series series of orogenesis series of rocks serir serorogenic magmatism; serotectogenic magmatism serorogenic phase serosa Serpens; Serpent Serpent Bearer; Ophiuchus serpentine serpentine belt serpentine lake serpentine spit serpentine-chlorite schist serpentine-schist serpentinite serpentinzation serpent kame serpierite Serpulid serrate ridge serrate topography serrated form sesquioxides sesseralite sessile sessile benthos sessile spondylium seston set seta settling settlement settling method settling rate settling tube settling velocity severe storm severe weather severe winter sewer-pipe clay sex-associated variation sexual and asexual alternation of generation Sextans; Sextant sextant sexual dimorphism sexual gland sexual selection seybertite Seymouria S-fold sferics shackanite shade species shading shadow zone shadowing shaker shale shale oil shale potential shallow shallow bank shallow earthquake; shallow-seated earthquake shallow marginal sea shallow placer shallow-sea facies shallow-water wave shallow well shallow-sea deposit shaly flysch shamal Shamao Series shandite shannonite Shansi Anticlise Shansiella Shansitype iron ore deposits Shantung massif Shantungia Shanwan Series (Miocene) shape shape analysis shaping shapometer shastaite shastalite shatter belt; shatter zone shatter cone shattered zones shattering shattuckite shear shear cleavage shear cleavage fold shear failure; shear fracture shear fault shear flow shear fold shear foliation shear form shearing strength; shear strength shearing stress; shear stress shear joint shear line shear modulus shear plane shear structure shear test apparatus shear thrust shear wave shear wave shear zone shearing shearing force shearing resistance shearing strain shearing strength shearing stress shebka; wadi; arroyo; wash; coulee; donga; nullah; chebka sheepback sheepback rock sheet sheets sheet deposit sheet erosion; sheet wash sheet flood sheet flow sheet ground sheet ice sheet joint sheet like superposition sheet minerals sheet sand sheet silicate sheet structure; slab structure sheet thrust sheeted vein sheeted zone sheeting shelf shelf aggradation shelf area shelf break shelf channel shelf deposits shelf edge shelf ice shelf reef shelf sea shelf sediments shell gland shell layer shell of compression shell of tension shell rock shell sand shell zone shell-mound shelly facies shelly limestone sherghottite sheridanite Shetienchiao age shield shield basalt shield volcano (aspite) shift shift fault shifting shifting bar shifting (migration) of divide shifting sand (drift sand; quick sand) Shihchienfung series Shihhotze series shihlunite shikinite shimmer-aggregate shingle shingle beach shingle rampart shining shishimskite shoad stone; shode stone shoal shoal reef shoaling effect shoaling coefficient shock (earthquake) shock loading shock wave shock-wave high-pressure apparatus shoestring shoestring sand shoestring-sand trap shonkinite shonkinite-porphyry shoot shoot gap shoot trace shooting flow shooting star shoran; short range navigation shore shore current shore deposit shore drift shore face shore ice shore line shoreline of equilibrium shore platform shore profile shore progress shore reef shore terrace shore-face terrace shoreline of depression shoreline of elevation shoreline of emergence shoreline of submergence short-crowned tooth short diameter short range order; short distance order short wave radiation shortening ratio (folding) short-period constituents shoshonite shot ore shoulder girdle shoved moraine shovel-shape depression shower shower of ash shower of volcanic dust shrinkage shrink ratio shrinkage crack shrinkage limit; SL shrinkage theory shrinkage water shrub sial; sialsphere sial sphere siallitic soil siallitization sialma sialrock Siberian high siberite Sibirites sibling species sicklerite sicula side lap side plate side scan sonar survey side wall sidereal day sidereal month sidereal period sidereal revolution sidereal time sidereal year siderite; chalybite siderodot siderogel siderolite sideromelane sideronatrite siderophile element siderophyllite siderophyre sideroplesite siderotil; siderotitite siderotrophic lake sideward motion of earthquake siegenite sieving method sierozem; gray earth soil; gray desert soil sierra sieve analysis sieve deposit sieve scale sieve texture sieve tube sieving sievite si-fabric sighting arm sighting window Sigillaria Sigillariopsis Sigillariostrobus sigma phi sigmoid flexure sigmoidal dune sigmoidal fold significant wave significant wave height silcrete silence zone of audibility silencer silexite silfbergite silica silica cycle silica gel silica glass silica mineral silica ore silica rock silica sand silica sinter; siliceous sinter silica-alumina hydrogel silica sand deposit silicarenite silicates silicate melt silicate mineral siliceous; siliceous siliceous cement siliceous crust siliceous limestone siliceous ooze siliceous sandstone siliceous shale siliceous soil siliceous spicules siliceous tufa siliceous wood; silicified wood silicic acid silicic acid anhydride silicic rocks silicification silicified zone; baked zone silicon silicon cycle silicon dioxide silicon-oxygen tetrahedra silicious ore silicious sinter (geyserite) Silicispongiae Silicoflagellata silico-rudite silicotelic mineral silky luster sill sill depth sill swarm sillenite sillimanite sillimanite zone sillimanite-gneiss sillite silt silt loam sittil siltstone silty clay silty clay loam silty mud Silurian Silurian period Silurian System silver silver amalgam silver fahlore; silver tetrahedrite silver glance silver ore sima (sima sphere) sima rock simatic rock Simiidae similar face similar fold similarity simoon similarity index simonyite simple batholith simple carbonated spring simple lattice simple conic projection simple corals simple dike simple eye simple fault simple fault scarp simple fold simple form simple harmonic waves simple laccolith simple landscape simple matching coefficient simple pendulum simple peneplain simple reflection goniometer simple refraction; single refraction simple salt simple shear simple sheet simple sill simple strain simple variation method simple vein simple volcano Simplicidentata Simpson's theory simulated peneplain simultaneity simultaneous earthquake sinaite Sinamia Sinanthropus Sinanthropus officialis Sinanthropus Pekinensis; Homo erectus Pekinesis sincosite singing sand single chain structure single crystal method single crystal orientation single day tide single hill single mount preparation single rotational slip single spit single tombolo single-tooth type single-zoned coral singular state sinhalite Sinian Sinian direction; Sinian trend Sinian period Sinian System sinistral coling sinistral fault; left handed slip fault sinistral fold sink hole; doline; sotch cloup sink-and-float analysis sinkhole erosion; tunnel erosion sinkhole plain sinkhole pond sinking sinking coast sinking creek sinking crown Sinocastor Sinoceras Sinochelys Sinocohodon Sinocrinus Sinocystis Sinophyllum Sinoproductella Sinorthis Sinosaukia Sinosaurus Sinosemionotus Sinospirifer sinter sinter cone sinter deposit sinter terrace sintering sinusoidal wave sinus siome Siphncus siphon siphonal lobe siphonal saddle Siphonales Siphonaptera Siphonodendron Siphonophrentis Siphonophyllia siphonopore siphonostele Siphonotretacea siphuncle sipylite Sirenia Sirius sirocco size rule size-cumulative curve Si-saturated rock sismondine sismondinite sivamalai series Siwalik formation sixling size analysis size data size distribution size fraction size grade S joint skarn mineral skarnization skarn skedophyre skedophyric texture skeletal grain skeletal growth skeleton skeleton crystal skeleton soil skerry sketch skewness skialith skin current skiodrome skip roll mark skip cast skip mark skipped cycle sklerometer skleropelite sklodowskite skogbolite skolite skomerite skull skutterudite sky-line sky brightness sky radiation sky type slab slab avalance slab structure; sheet structure slack slack tide slack water slag slag cement slag wool slaked lime slaking slaking index slant slant of the fold-axis slash; swale slate slaty cleavage slavikite sleet slickenside slide slide bed slide rule sliding face slight earthquake slight sea slime slip slip band slip clay slip cleavage slip face slip fault slip fold slip plane slip-off slope slip tectonite slipping surface slit slit band slope slope current slope development slope drain slosh slotted-template method slope deposition slough slough podzol slow debris flow slow slide slow-down ions slow movement slow ray slowly retardation stage sludge sluff sluice way sluicing slump slump bedding slump block slump fold; slumping folds slump overfold slump structure slumping small amplitude wave small circle small hail small intrusive body small scale small-angle scattering small-circle girdle smaller foraminifera smaltine; smaltite smaragdite smectite smergal; smirgel Smilax Smilodon smithite smithsonite smog smoke smoked paper; smoked sheet smoky quartz smoky topaz smooth coast smooth fracture smooth phase of traction smooth surface smut snake stone Snells law snout of glacier snow snow-eater snow bank snow crystal snowdrift glacier snow glacier snow grain snow ice snow line snow niche snow protection plantation snow region snow storm snowfield snowflake snow-slide; snowslip snowslide soaker soapstone soapy feeling sobralite social polymorphism socket socket plate socket ridge sod sod formation soda soda alaskite soda alum soda keratophyre soda lake soda mica soda niter soda plant soda sanidinite soda series soda straw soda trachyte sodaclase; albite sodaclase-syenodiorite soda-hornblendes soda-lime-feldspar sodalite sodalite group sodalite tephrite sodalitite sodalitophyre sodalumite soda-syenite; sodium syenite sodar sodding soddyite sodic soil sodium sodium alum; soda alum sodium autunite sodium bentonite sodium calcium-feldspar sodium carbonate bead test sodium chabazite sodium cloud sodium D line sodium stream cloud sodium jarosite sodium sulfate method sodium uranospinite sodium-minette sodium ion Sofar; Sound faction and ranging sofar channel soffione (soffioni) soft coal soft deposit soft ground soft hail soft radiation soft rime soft rock soft water softening soggendalite sohlental soil soil acidity soil aeration soil analysis soil air soil alkalinity soil amelioration soil amendment soil and water conservation soil animal soil association soil bacteria soil biology soil body soil catena soil chemistry soil classification soil climate soil colloid soil complex soil conditioner soil conservation soil conservation survey soil conserving crop soil constitution soil crack soil creep soil depleting crop soil depth soil deterioration soil dynamics soil engineering soil erosion soil evolution soil exhaustion soil exposing crop soil fertility soil flora soil flow; solifluction soil forming factor soil fraction soil genus soil grain; soil particle soil group soil horizon soil in situ soil layer soil management soil map soil material soil maturity soil mechanics soil microbiology soil microorganisms soil mineral soil moisture soil monolith soil morphology Soil order soil organic matter soil phase soil pick soil physics soil pore soil pressure soil profile soil protective crop soil province soil reaction soil reclamation soil resources soil ring soil sample soil science soil separate soil series soil slip soil solution soil spade soil species soil stabilizer soil stratification soil stratigraphy soil stratum soil stripe soil structure soil subtype soil suite soil survey soil system soil test soil texture soil type soil unit soil variant soil water soil zonality soil-forming processes soil-saving dam soilless culture soil genesis sol solaire solano solar activity solar apex solar atmosphere solar chromosphere solar climate solar climatic belts solar-climatic relationship solar constant solar corona solar crown solar cycle solar day solar distance solar eclipse solar ecliptic limits solar energy solar eyepiece solar flare solar flare effect solar flux solar halo solar heat solar luminosity solar magnetism solar nebula solar parallax solar plasma solar plasma flux solar polarity reversal solar prominence solar radiation solar spectra analysis solar spectroscopy solar spectrum solar spiral nebular solar stream solar structure solar system solar terrestrial disturbances solar terrestrial relation solar tide solar time solar-topographic hypothesis solar ultraviolet ray solar wind solar year solaure sole solemark; hierglyph Soleniscus solenoid solenoidal index solfatara solfatara stage solfataric alteration solfataric clay solid solid angle solid diffusion solid ejecta [menta] solid flow solid friction solid load solid rock solid solution solidification solidifying point solid particle colloid solid phase reaction solid stage solidus solifluction solifluction terrace solitary corals solitary wave soller slit sollyite solod; soloth; soloti solodized soil solonchak Solonetz solonization Soloth; solod; soloti solstice solotization solstice tide; solstitial tide solstitial colure solubility soluble anhydrite solum solution solution cavity solution mining solution principle solubility product solute solution cave solution load solution pan solution pit solution plane solution sink solution structure solution valley Solutrean Age solvate solvent solvsbergite solvsbergite porphyry sommaite sonar; sond navigation and ranging sondalite sondo sonic anemometer sonic energy sonic prospecting machines sonic sounding sonic wave sonobuoy sonogram sonoprobe Sonora Sonstadt's solution sopero sordaralite; sordawalite sorkedalite sorosilicate sorption block technique sorted polygon sorting sorting coefficient sorting factor sorting index soroche sorption sorus sotch; cloup soulaire soumansite sound sound absorption sound area sound channel sound intensity sound ranging sound ray sound velocity sound wave sounding sounding balloon sounding machine sounding method sounding rocket sounding winch sour taste source source area source bed source region source bed concept source of light source rock source strength south celestial pole South Atlantic Current South china block South crystalline zone of Pamir South Equatorial current south foehn south magnetic pole South Pacific Current south pole southeast trades southeaster southerly buster Southern Cross; Crux Australis southern hemisphere southern oscillation southwester southwest monsoon souxite souzalite sover sovite space charge space charge separation space erosion; space ablation space group space lattice space mean chart space of discission space of dissolution space photogrammetry space photography space probe space science space station space-group symbol space-time diagram space velocity spacing spacecraft spadaite spallation product spallation reaction spalling spangolite spaniolite sparagmite sparite; sparry calcite cement spark spark discharge spark lines spark spectrum sparker Sparnacian Subage spartaite spatial dendrite spastolith spathic iron spathiopyrite spatial aerotriangulation spatial distribution spatial variation spatter; driblet spatter; cone spatter rampart spatulate caste spawner spawning habit spawning ground spawning migration spear pyrite special creation theory special fold special geography special observation special perturbations speciation species species diversity species ecology species formation species novium; sp. nov species structure specific alkalinity specific aspect specific biozone specific discharge specific energy specific gravity specific gravity balance specific gravity bottle specific heat specific humidity specific name specific reaction rate specific resistance specific rotatory power specific susceptibility (mass susceptibility) specific volume specific volume in situ specific weight specific yield specimen spectra spectral band spectral class spectral function spectral hygrometer spectral line spectral sequence spectral type spectroanalysis spectrobolometer spectro-comparator spectrogram spectrograph spectroheliograph; spectrolhelograph spectro-measurement spectrometer spectrophotometer spectrophotometry spectropyheliometer spectroscope spectroscopic binary spectroscopic parallax spectroscopy special theory of relativity spectrum spectrum analysis specular reflection specular reflector specular iron ore; specularite; iron glance specular schist speculum speed of growth speed of light speed of propagation speed of sound speed of transmission speleology speleothem spelter spencerite spergenite spermatophyta spermatozoid spermatozoon sperone sperrylite spessartine; spessartite spessartite; spessartine Sphaenobaiera sphaerite; spharite; spherite sphaerocobaltite; spherocobaltite sphaerolite sphaerosiderite sphaeralina sphaerulitic texture sphagrum peat sphene; titanite spheneitite spheniscidae sphenoclase spheno-conformity sphenoid sphenoidal sphenoidal class sphenoidal hemihedrism; sphenoidal hemihedry sphenoidal tetartohedry sphenolith sphenophyllales sphenophyllostachys sphenophyllum sphenopsida sphenopteris sphere sphere probe spherical aberration spherical astronomy spherical coordinates spherical crystal spherical Earth's theory spherical excess spherical fabric spherical harmonic analysis spherical joint spherical projection spherical shell spherical shell apparatus spherical structure spherical symmetry spherical triangle spherical trigonometry spherical wave sphericity sphericity distribution spherics spheroclast sphero-crystal spheroid spheroidal boulder spheroidal decomposition spheroidal height spheroidal joint spheroidal panting spheroidal structure spheroidal weathering spheroidal coordinates spherolite porphyry spherometer spherosiderite spherulite spherulitic matrix spherulitic structure spheryte sphragide; sphragidite spical line spicular test spicules spiculite spilite spilite magma spilitic lava spilitic suite spilitic volcanic rocks spilitization spilling breaker spillover spillover effect spillway spilosite spin axis point spin rate spindle nebula spindle nephoscope spindle-shaped bomb spine spine base spinel; spinelle spinel group spinel ruby spinel pyroxenite spinel series spinel twin spinel type spinel type structure spinellan[e] spinellide spinellite spinosaurus spiracle spiraculum spiral arm spiral band spiral flow spiral galaxy spiral garnet spiral growth; sheet growth spiral growth theory spiral layer spiral motion spiral nebula spiral rib spiral ridge spiral scanning spiral spring spiral striation spiral wave spiralium spire spire lamella spirifer spiriferacea spiriferella spiriferidae spiriferids spirigerella spirit level spirit levelling spirocerus spirorbis spirotheca [wall] spissatus spit spitzfalte S-plane S-plane of flattening S-plane of stratification splay splendent splenial splent coal; splint coal splinter fault splintered fault scarp splintery fracture split-objective heliometer split rock splitter splitting splitting of coal seam SP. Nov. spodiophyllite spodiosite spodumene; spodumenite S-pole diagram spoil spondylium spondylium discretum spondylium duplex spondylium simplex spondylium triplex spondyloid spondylus sponge spicule Spongia spongin; spongiolin spongolite Spongophylloides Spongophyllum spongy structure spontaneous combustion spontaneous fission spontaneous mutation spontaneous nucleation spontaneous origin spontaneous potential curve spontaneous-potential method sporadic E layer sporadic meteor sporadic permafrost zone sporadic wind sporangiophore spore spore coal spore analysis spore-bearing plants spore-pollen analysis spore-pollen statistics sporomorph sporonin sporophyll Sporophyta sporophyte sporo-pollenin Sporozoa sport; saltation spot height spot sampling spot wind spodosol sporangium spore spectra spot test spotted gabbro spotted porphyry spotted sandstone spotted schist spotted slate spotted zone spotted graphite-schist spotty ore spout spouting spring spray spray electrification spray region spray-splash-impression spray pit spread spreading spring spring balance spring belt spring constant spring crust spring equinox spring layer spring range spring rise spring tide sprinkle spruit spur Spumellaria spurious disk spurrite squall line squamata squamose structure Squamosum Squamularia squall square cylindrical projection (simple cylindrical projection) square wave squeeze-in squeeze-out squeeze storage squeezed fold squeeze-in clastic dike squeeze-up squeezing S-surface St. Elmos fire stability stability chart stability factor stability index stability number stability oscillation stability principle stability series stabilized dune stabilizing selection stable block stable granularity stable humus stable isotope stable landmass stable motion stable profile stable recharge stable relict mineral stable shelf stable wave stack stacking fault Stachyospermae stadia stadia surveying stadial; subglacial age stadial moraine stadium staffelite staff gauge Staffella stage stage-discharge curve; rating curve stage-duration curve stage-frequency curve stage of relief stagnant glacier stagnant ice stagnant pressure stagnant water stagnation stagnogley soil staircase fault staircase (step) vein stalactite stalagmite stalk stalling Mach number stalolith Stampian age stamukha Staublawine stand [of tide] standard artillery atmosphere standard artillery zone standard atmosphere standard atmospheric pressure standard cyclone standard datum level standard deviation standard deviation map standard error standard free energy of formation stand gravity stand hydrogen electrode standard meridian standard mineral standard parallels standard project flood standard propagation standard profile standard refraction standard sand standard sea level standard sea water standard sieve standard soil color chart standard state standard time standard unit standard visibility standard visual range standing cloud standing crop standing wave stannary stannite; stannine stannopalladinite Stanton number stapes star star catalogue star charts star clouds star cluster star collision star drift star mica star shower star-quartz star-ruby star-sapphire; asteria star-stone stark effect starlight starter starved basin stasis stassfurtite state diagram state function state of aggregation state parameter state variable static static instability static level static load static magnification static metamorphism static oceanography static pressure static rejuvenation static rigidity static stability static water level static water zone theory statics stationary wave station elevation station errors station model station pressure stationary dune stationary front stationary cyclone stationary lines stationary mass stationary motion stationary phase stationary state stationary time series stationary wave theory statistical dependence statistical forecast statistical parameter statistical parallax statics statoscope staubsphere Stauria staurolite staurolite kyanite subfacies staurolite zone stauroscope staurotile starrite steadiness steady flow steady mass steady motion steady state steady-state theory steady turbidity current steam explosion steam fog steam fumarole steargillite steatite steatitization steering steering current steering flow steering level steering line S-tectonite steep coast steepness Stegoeephalia Stegocephalus Stegodon Stegosauria Stegosaurus Stegoselachii steinkern steinmark Steirian orogeny stellar aberration stellar assemblage stellar astronomy stellar atmosphere stellar chromosphere stellar classification stellar crystal stellar evolution stellar interior stellar lightning stellar luminosity stellar magnetic field stellar magnetism stellar magnitude stellar motion stellar parallax stellar scintillation stellar spectra stellarite stellated structure stellerite Stelleroidea stem Stenobathy stenohaline organism stenobiontic organism Stenolaemata stenophagous organism stenophotic organism Stenosiphonata stenoxybiotic organism step step cut step fall step fault step fault scarp step fold step function step profile beach step vein Stephanian stephanite Stephanoceras steppe steppe climate steppe chernozem steppe landscape steppe soil stepped leader steps steptoe stercorite stereographic projection stereocomparator stereographic projection stereo-gram; stereo-pair stereographic net stereoisomerism stereo-mapping stereoscope stereoscopic parallex stereosphere stereoscopy Stereospondyli stereo-zone steric an omaly steric change sterile telome sternum sterrettite stevensite stevenson screen stewartite stibiconite stibiobismutotantalite stibiocolumbite; stibioniobite stibiopalladinite stibiotantalite stichtite stick point sticky point stiff stigma Stigmaria stikine wind stilbite; desmine still well stillstand period stillwater still-water level stilpnomelane; stilpnomelanite stink gypsum stink limestone; stink stone stink quartz stinkstone; stink limestone; swinestone stipoverite; stishovite stipule stirring stock stock werkbau stockwork stockwork deposit stockwork lattice Stokesian wave stokesite stolon Stolonidea stolzite stomatal apparatus stomatal band; stomatic band Stomatopoda Stomatopora stone age stone axe stone canal stone desert stone dust stone garland stone ice stone instrument stone iron meteorite stone lattice stone mulch stone net stone polygon stone ring; stone wreath stone river stone soil; lithosol stone stripe stone-banked terrace stoneware clay stony land stony meteorite stony sandy loam stony tuff stooping stoping storage storage coefficient storage equation storage routing stored nuclear track storm storm beach storm cellar storm model storm surge storm track storm transposition storm tide storm warning storm wave storm wind stormfury hypothesis storm-warning signal storm-warning tower stoss side stoss-and-lee topography straight channel straight drainage pattern straight extinction straight lamellar texture straight shoreline strain strain axis strain ellipse strain ellipsoid strain gauge strain hardening strain shadow strain slip cleavage strain tensor strain-cleavage strainers strait strait wind strand strand deposit strand line strand-flat strange particle strata strata-bound deposit sulphide strath strath terrace stratification stratification index stratification plane stratified currents stratified deposit stratified drift stratified fluid stratified rock stratified structure stratified volcano; strato-volcano stratiform deposit stratiform water stratiformis stratigraphic amplitude stratigraphic analysis stratigraphic correlation stratigraphic cross-section stratigraphic gap stratigraphic leak stratigraphic map stratigraphic palaeontology stratigraphic section (stratigraphic profile) stratigraphic separation stratigraphic trap stratigraphic unit stratigraphical division stratigraphical drilling stratigraphical heave (stratigraphical break) stratigraphical hiatus stratigraphical overlap stratigraphical throw stratigraphical timescale (timetable) stratigraphy stratocumulus castellanus stratocumulus stratocumulus lenticularis stratocumulus mammatus stratocumulus opacus stratocumulus perlucidus stratocumulus radiatus stratocumulus stratiformis stratocumulus translucidus stratocumulus vesperalis stratopeite stratocumulus stratopause stratosphere stratosphere radiation stratospheric coupling stratospheric fallout stratospheric steering stratospheric wind oscillation strato-volcano; bedded volcano stratum stratum water stratus stratus nebuloses stratus opacus stratus translucidus stratus undulatus strawstone strays streak streak lightning streak line streak plate streaky structure stream stream abstraction stream adjustment stream bank erosion stream bed stream capture stream deposit stream derangement stream diversion stream divide stream frequency stream function stream gauge stream tube streamflood stream potential (electrofiltration potential) streamer streamflow stream flow routing streamline streamline analysis streamline flow stream function stream gold stream ice stream line stream-line motion stream load stream meandering stream order stream pattern stream piracy; stream robbery stream placer stream tin streaming flow; tranquil flow streamlining strengite strength strepsiptera Streptelasma streptocolumella Streptograptus stress stress cleavage stress difference stress distribution stress ellipse stress ellipsoid stress mineral stress field stress-cleavage fold stress-strain curve stress tensor stretch modulus stretch thrust stretching deformation stria (³æ) striae (œÆ) striate land striated boulder striated coal striated rock-surface striated surface Striatifera striation striation cast striding level strigorite strike strike fault strike fold strike joint strike line strike-line map strike ridge strike separation strike shift strike valley strikes cleat strike-slip fault strike slip overthrust strike slip upthrust stringer vein stringing Stringocephalus Stringophllum strip strip cropping strip log strip coal striped ground stripped fossil plain stripped peneplain stripped plain Strobilites stroke stroke density stromatolite stromatolithic structure Stromatopoda Strombolian type volcano stromeyerine; stromeyrite Stromstrich stronalite strong breeze strong earthquake; strong shock strong gale strong motion seismograph strong structure strongly coarse skewed strongly fine skewed strontianapatite strontianite strontianocalcite strontium isotope strontium mineral strontium ore deposit strontium-arsenapatite Strophalosia Strouhal number structure amplitude structural base level structural basin structural bed structural bench structural boring; structural drilling structural capacity structural closure structural control structural crystallography structural discordance structural earthquake structural element structural escarpment structural factor structural feature structural form structural formula; constitutional formula structural geology structural geomorphology structural growth structural homogeneity structural landform structural layer structural level structural natural gas structural pattern structural petrology structural plain structural plateau structural platform structural profile structural relief structural rock bench structural section structural soil structural trap structural type structural unconformity structural unit structural valley structure structure contour map structure contours structure earth structure line structure plane structure sensitivity strueverite struggle for existence struma fall wind strut thrust Struthio Struthiomimus Struthioniformes strurite stubachite stubachite-serpentine stump stormpause Stylidophyllum Stylinodon stylolite stylolitic structure Stylommatophora stylotypite stypticite suahili subaerial deposit subaerial deposition subaerial erosion subaerial eruption subaerial relief subalkalic rock series subalkalic rocks subaluminous rocks subaluminous type subanal fasciole subangular rock subangular blocky rock subanthracite subaqueous eruption subarctic current subarctic zone subantarctic zone subaqueous glide subaqueous lava flow subaqueous mudflow subaqueous pyroclastic flow subaqueous slumping subaqueous sand dune subarctic climate subarctic convergence subarctic current subarctic intermediate water subarctic water subarkose Subatlantic age subatomic particle Sub-boreal age sub bottom reflection subcalcic hornblende subcapillary interstice subclass subconchoidal fracture subconsequent stream sub-continent subcritical flow subcontinental mantle subcrop map subcrustal gliding subdivide subdued form subdued mountain subequatorial subequatorial belt subequatorial rainfall regime subequatorial wind suberin subfabric subface subfamily subfossil subfrigid zone subgelisol subgeoanticlines subgeostrophic wind subgeosyncline subgenus subglacial drainage subglacial eruption subglacial moraine subglacial relief subglacial water subgradient wind subgraywacke; subgreywacke subglaucophane subgroup subhedron Subhercynian movement subhorizon subhorizontal lineation subhumid climate Subhyracodon subindividual sub-irrigation sub solar point sub-stellar point subjacent bed subjacent mass sublacustrine canyon sublacustrine valley Sublepidodendron sublevation sublimation sublimation deposit sublimation mineral sublimation nucleus sublimation vein sublingual arch sublittoral sea sublittoral zone submarginal land submarginal moraine submarginal suture submarine bar submarine caldera submarine canyon submarine cone submarine caldron submarine delta submarine denudation submarine deposition submarine dome submarine earthquake submarine erosion submarine eruption submarine exhalative-deposit submarine fan submarine furrow submarine gap submarine geology submarine geomorphology submarine gully submarine humus submarine illumination submarine moat submarine mountain chain submarine peneplain submarine photography submarine photometer submarine plateau submarine relief submarine ridge submarine rise submarine sediments submarine scarp submarine sedimentation submarine sedimentology submarine seismograph submarine sill submarine sliding submarine slumping submarine spring submarine spur submarine stratigraphy submarine swell submarine talus submarine tectonic geology submarine terrace submarine topography submarine trough submarine track submarine trench submarine valley submarine volcano submarine weathering submature stage submegathyrid submerged coast (drowned coast) submerged coral reef submerged forest submerged reef submerged spring submerged valley (drowned valley) submergence submerged shoreline submersible submesothyrid submetallic luster suboblate suboceanic mantle suboceanic structure sub-ophitic texture suborder subordinate vent subordinate volcano subpelagic sediments subpermafrost water subpetaloid ambulacra subphylum subpolar anticyclone subpolar climate subpolar lake subpolar glacier subpolar high subpolar low pressure belt subpolar westerlies subporphyritic texture subprolate sub-range subrefraction subrounded boulder subsample subsea-apron subsectile subsequent cross folding subsequent deposit subsequent designation subsequent magmatism subsequent pluton subsequent ridge subsequent river subsequent stream subsequent valley subsequent waterfall subsequent magmatism subsidence subsidence theory subsidiary cell subsidiary fault subsidiary neck subsiding platform subsilicates subsiliceous rock subsilicic acid subsoil subsoil ice subsoil weathering subsoiling subsolidus exsolution subsolidus inversion subsoilfluction subsonic subsonic flow subspecies substage substandard propagation substandard refraction substantial derivative substration color substitution substitution pseudomorph substitution vein substratosphere subsurface correlation subsurface flow subsurface formation subsurface geology subsurface soil subsurface sounding subsurface stratigraphy subsurface structure subsurface tillage subsurface unconformity subsurface water subsystem subtense angle measurement subterebratulid type subterminal outflow subterranean cut-off subterranean deposit subterranean diversion subterranean heat subterranean ice subterranean river course subterranean drainage subterranean rumbling subterranean water parting subterraneous outcrop subterrestrial zone sub-Tertiary; para-Tertiary subthermocline subtranslucent mineral subtransparent mineral subtropical air mass subtropical anticyclone subtropical belt subtropical black earth subtropical climate subtropical convergence subtropical cyclone subtropical easterlies subtropical high subtropical high pressure belt subtropical jet stream subtropical red earth subtropical ridge subtropical westerlies subtropical wind belt subtropical zone subtropical-easterlies index subtropics subtundra Subungulata sub-unit subvariety sub-vitreous luster subzone succession; succession of strata successive rotational slip succin; succinite suchvei sucrose texture suction anemometer Sudburium series sudburite sudd sudden ionospheric disturbance Sudetic movement sudois suer suestado suttosion sugar berg sugar granular texture sugar snow Suiformes suina suite sukhooei sulcate Sulcatostrophia sulci sulciplicate sulcus suldenite sulfantimomates sulfate reducers sulfated bitter spring sulfates sulfide sulfide phase sulfide zone sulfite sulfo-acid sulfoferrite sulfohalite; sulphohalite sulfo-salts; sulpho-salts sulfur; sulphur sulfur bacteria sulfuric acid; sulphuric acid sulfuric ion; sulphric ion sulfurite; garibaldite sulfurous acid sulphatic cancrinite sulphatapatite sulphoborite sulphur cauldron sulphur cycle; sulfur cycle sulphur ball; sulfur ball sulphur deposit; sulfur deposit sulphur dioxide; sulfur dioxide sulphurous sinter; sulfurous sinter sulphur isotope; sulfur isotope sulphurization; sulfurization sulphur spring; sulfur spring; sulphureted spring sultriness sumacoite Sumatra Sumatrina summation curve summation method summation principle summer summer hemisphere summer line summer stagnation period summer solstice summit summit crater summit eruption summit level; summit plane summit peneplain Sun Sunburn sun camera Sun crack sun cross sun crust sun dog sun drawing water sun pillar Sun system Sun-cracked pebbles Sunday Sundial Sungarichthys sunken caldera sunken reef; redge sunlit aurora Sunosachus sunscald Sunshine sunshine autograph sunshine intehrator sunshine recorder sunshine-hour sunspot sunspot cycle sunspot number sunspot periodicity sunspot relative number Sunstone super fusion super high frequency super-pressure balloon superadditional specialization superadiabatic lapse rate superavailable water supercapillary interstice superclass supercooled cloud supercooled ground fog supercooling supercritical flow supercritical fluid superdip superface superfamily superficial deposit superficial folding superficial gravity superficial moraine; superglacial moraine superficial nappe superficial water superfluent lava supergalaxies supergene deposit supergene enrichment supergene sulphide enrichment supergene water supergeostrophic wind supergiant star supergiant wind superglacial stream superlattice superlattice reflection superglacial till superheated steam superimposed river superimposed stream; superposed stream superimposed fold; cross fold superimposed gorge; superposed gorge superimposed valley; superposed valley superimposition; superposition superincumbent bed superindividual superior air superior connection superior mirage superior planets supernamerary rainbows supernova superorder superposed river superrefraction supersaline lagoon supersaline water superturbulent flow superstandard refraction supersaturation solution supersaturation supersolubility supersonic flow supersonic wave supersonic-wave cleaner superspecies superstar superstructure supplementary twin supply current suppression supraangulare supracrustal rock supragelisol supralateral tangent arcs supraoccipital bone suprapermafrost layer suprapermafrost water suprasquamosal indentation supratenuous fold supralittoral zone; supratidal zone sur surocon surf surf beat surf ripple mark surf zone surface surface anomaly surface area surface boundary layer surface brightness surface chart surface color surface condensation surface corrections surface creep surface current surface density surface detention surface energy surface erosion surface fault surface feature surface flow surface folding surface forecast map surface free energy surface friction surface freezing-index surface front surface geological map surface geology surface gravity surface hoar surface ice surface integral surface joint surface layer surface map surface mineral surface moraine surface observation surface of discontinuity surface of no motion surface of rupture surface of subsidence surface of unconformity surface ornamentation surface phase surface pressure surface reflection surface retention surface runoff surface seiche surface soil surface spring surface storage surface structure surface subsidence surface tension surface thawing-index surface thrust surface turbulence surface type surface visibility surface water surface watershed surface wave surface wave group surface weather observation surface wind surficial deposit surge surge current surge line surge zone surging breaker suroet surplus area survey survey[-ing]; surv[ing] survival of the fittest survival rate Suslydekkeri susannite suspended net type suspended phase; suspending phase suspended sand suspended turbidity current suspended valley; hanging valley suspended water suspension suspension current suspension feeder suspension flow suspension load suspension transport suspensoid sussexite suture suture line suture texture Suwuan movement svabite svanbergite sviatonossite swamp forest swallow hole swallow storm swallow-tail twin swamp swamp deposit swamp environment swamp gas swamp soil swarm earthquake; swarm of earthquake swartzite swash swash mark swash zone S-wave sway Swaziland system swedenborgite sweep sweep length sweeping (meander) sweet taste swell swell and swale topography swelling swelling chlorite swelling index swimmer swimming bladder swinging switch sychnodymite Sycondra syenite syenite diorite syenite gabbro syenite-aplite syenite-pegmatite syenite-porphyry syenitite syenodiorite syenogabbro syenoid sylphon sylvine sylvinite symbiosis symbol symmetrical banded structure; symmetrical crustified structure symmetrical cross profile symmetrical extinction angle symmetrical ripple mark symmetric laccolith symmetric valley symmetrical extinction symmetrical fold symmetrical syncline symmetrical twin symmetrical vein symmetrically folded mountain range Symmetrodonta symmetry symmetry axis symmetry circle symmetry concentration symmetry direction symmetry elements symmetry formula symmetry of fabric symmetry of folds symmetry of movement symmetry operations symmetry plane symmetry point symmetry principle symmetry value symmetry symbol symmict structure symmixis sympatric speciation symphylium sympiesometer symplectite; symplektite symplesiomorphy; homology symplesite synadelphite synangium synantetic mineral Synapsida synapticulae Synaptosauria Syncarida synchronism synchronous change synchronous deposits synchronous pluton synchrotron emission synchrotron radiation synclastic plane synclinal axis synclinal fault synclinal limb synclinal spring synclinal strata synclinal valley syncline synclinoria synclinorium syncrystallization syneclise synform syngenetic concretion syngenetic structure syngenite syn-homocline synkinematic granite synmorphes synneusis texture synodic month synodic revolution synodic period synoptic chart synoptic code synonym; synonymy synoptic analysis synoptic chart synoptic meteorology synoptic model synoptic observation synoptic oceanography synoptic report synoptic scale synoptic situation synoptic wave-chart synoptic weather oberration synorogenesis synorogenic granite synorogenic magmatism; syntectogenic magmatism synorogenic sediments synrhabdosome synsacrum synsedimentary structure synsedimentary tectonism syntaxis syntaxy syntectic magma synthetic seismogram syntectonic crystallization syntectonic environment syntectonic igneous bodies syntectonic pluton syntectonic plutonic intrusion syntectonic recrystallization syntectonism syntelome synthesis synthetic fault synthetic mineral synthetic resin syntexis syntype Syringaxon Syringopora syssiderite system systematic error systematic geography systematic joint systematic mineralogy systematics systemic mutation hypothesis system of conjugated fracture system of crystallization system of fault system of fold system of hinge (notation of bivalve) system of joint system of map representation Syzranian age syzygy syzygy tide szaibelyite; szajbelyite Szechuan movement Szechuanosaurus Szechuan block szmikite TRM; Thermo-remnant magnetization T phase taaffeite; tarfite tabsheer; tabaschir tabasherr tabbyite tabella tabetisol table table cut table iceberg tablemount table mountain; mensa tableland table reef table rock table sea-mount; table mount tables of the moon tablite tabula tabular body tabular iceberg tabular spar tabular structure tabulare tabularium Tabulata; tabulate corals tabulate venter tachydrite; tachyhydrite tachyometer tachygenesis acceleration Tachylasma tachylite tachylyte basalt tachymeter tachymetry tachytely Taconic movement Taconic system taconite tactite Taeniodontia Taeniolabis taenolite Taeniopteris Taeniozamites (Nilssoniopteris) taenite tafrogeny tafrogeosyncline tagilite tahitite taiga taiga climate taiga landscape Taihungshania tail [of the comet] tailing tailwind taimyrite taino Taishanian Taiyuan seris Takachiho period of emergence Taku glacial age Taku wind talc talc apatite talc deposit talc-chlorite schist talc-mica schist talcose granite talc-schist Tali glacial age Talik tallingite tally register talus talus breccia talus cone talus creep talus deposit talus glacier talus slope talus wall talweg; thalweg tamarite tamarugite tamboen tangenite tangent arcs tangent plane tangential acceleration tangential cross-bedding tangential distortion tangential force tangential motion tangential movement tangential stress tangential velocity Tanghsien age Tanius tankite tannbuschite tannin tantalates tantaline; tantalite tantalum ore tapalpite taper out tapered wire taphonomy taphorogenesis; taphrogeny taphrogeosyncline tapioca snow tapiolite taphrolith taramellite tarantata tarantulite tarbuttite target target signal target volume Tarim block tarnish tarnowitzite tarphyceracone Tarsier Tarsioidea tarsometatarsus tarsus Tartarian age taryn tasmanite taspinite taste taurite Taurus; Bull tautirite tautozonal faces Tau-value tavistockite tavolatite tawite tawite-porphyry Taxus taxite taxitic texture Taxodioxylon Taxodont taxodont dentation taxodont hinge Taxodonta taxodonta type taxonomic category taxonomic character taxonomic description taxonomic unit taxonomy Taxopsida Tayeh epoch Taylor effect Taylor number Taylor series Taylor's theorem taylorite teallite teardrop balloon tear-fault technetium Techyan geosyncline; Tethys geosyncline Tectibranchia Tectibranchiata tecticite; ferrialungen tectofacies tectofacies map tectogene tectogenesis tectomorphic texture tectonic activity tectonic activization tectonic analysis tectonic axis tectonic basin tectonic belt tectonic breccia tectonic churning tectonic contact tectonic culmination tectonic denudation tectonic disturbance tectonic earthquake tectonic element tectonic facies tectonic flux tectonic foliation tectonic form tectonic frame work tectonic furrow tectonic geology tectonic geomorphology tectonic mclusion tectonic intensity tectonic joint tectonic lake tectonic landscape tectonic lens tectonic level tectonic line tectonic lithofacies tectonic melange tectonic metamorphism tectonic model tectonic mountain tectonic movement tectonic order tectonic pattern tectonic province tectonic relief tectonic river terrace tectonic sand tectonic scale tectonic scarp tectonic seaquake tectonic selection tectonic stress field tectonic subsidence tectonic system tectonic terrace tectonic transport tectonic unconformity tectonic unit tectonic valley tectonic zone tectonics tectonism tectonite tectonite fabric tectonoblastic texture tectonoclastic texture tectono-eustacy tectonogram tectonophysics tectonosphere (tectosphere) tectorium tectosilicates tectotope tectum teepleite tegmen (Crinoids) tehuantepecer Teilhardsaurus teineite tektite telechemic crystal telegraphic equation telemagmatic deposit telemeteorograph telemeteorography telemeteorometry telemeter telemetry Teleoceras Teleodont Telephotometer telephotometry telescope telescoped ore telescoped vein telescoping Telescopium teleseism tellurates telluric current telluric lines telluric ocher telluride tellurite tellurium mineral tellurnickel tellurobismuthite tellurometer telome telome leaves telome system telome theory Telotremata Temeniophyllum temiskamite temperate glacier tempering Gulf Stream effect temporal temporal fossa temporal species temporal subspecies Temporale temporary base level temporary hard water temporary hardness temporary sand temporary star tendency tendency chart tendency equation tendency interval tengerite tenggara tennantite Tennosseean age tenor tenorite tensile strength tensile stress tensiometer tension tension crack tension fault tension fissure tension fold tension fracture tension joint tension test apparatus tension-free porespace tension of vapour tensor tentacle Tentaculatu tented ice Tenticospirifer tepetate tephra tephrite tephritic trachydolerite tephritoic tephrochronology tephroite terbium Terebratula terebratulid Terebratulina Terebratuloidea tereno Tergum terminal fall velocity terminal forecast terminal pipe terminator terlinguaite termierite terminal basin terminal creep terminal divide terminal face; terminal facet terminal lava flow terminal moraine; end moraine terminology of minerals termination effect termite mound ternary screw axis ternary sediment ternary system terra alba terra cariosa terra rossa terra sigileta terrace terrace cliff terrace cover terrace deformation terrace deposits terrace edge terrace epoch terrace flexure terrace floor; terrace surface terrace gravel terrace scarp terrace spring terrace structure terraced zone terra-cotta terrain terrain analysis terrain correction terrain influence terrain model terral terral levante terre altos terrenho terrestial telescope terrestrial deposits terrestrial environment terrestrial facies terrestrial formation terrestrial heat terrestrial iron terrestrial magnetic pole terrestrial magnetism terrestrial planet terrestrial photogrammetry terrestrial planets terrestrial radiation terrestrial radiation thermometer terrestrial refraction terrestrial scintillation terrestrial wind terrigenous deposit terrigenous materials terrigenous sediments territorial waters Tertiary tertiary atmospheric circulation tertiary circulation Tertiary period Tertiary system teschemacherite teschenite teshirogilite tessellated soil tesseral system test lead test paper test pit test tube testing apparatus of rock test-plate Testudo tetartohedral form tetartohedral pentagonal dodecahedron tetartohedrism; tetartohedry tetartohedron; tetartoid tetartoidal class tetarto-pyramid tetartosymmetry Tethyan geosyncline Tethys Tethys geosyncline; techan geosyncline Tetrabranchiata Tetraclaenodon Tetracoralla Tetractinellida Tetrad tetrad-axis tetradymite tetragonal antihemihedron tetragonal base tetragonal base of the first order tetragonal base of the second order tetragonal base of the third order tetragonal biprranid tetragonal bipyramid class tetragonal holohedral class tetragonal holohedral hemimorphic class tetragonal parahemihedron tetragonal prism tetragonal pyramid bemihedral class tetragonal pyramid of the first order tetragonal pyramid of the second order tetragonal pyramid of the third order tetragonal scalenohedron tetragonal scalenohedral class tetragonal sphenohedral antihemihedron tetragonal sphenohedral tetartohefron tetragonal sphenoid tetragonal system tetragonal tetartohedral class tetragonal trapezohedral class tetragonal traphezohedron tetragonal trisoctahedron tetragonal zone tetragonal-dipyramid tetragonal-disphenoid tetragonal-pyramid Tetragraptus Tetragraptus pendens tetrahedral covalent radii tetrahedral hemihedrism; tetrahedral hemihedry tetrahedral hypothesis tetrahedral layer tetrahedral theory of the earth tetrahedral-pentagonal-dodecahedral class tetrahedron tetrahexahedron; tetrakishexahedron tetrakisdodecahedron Tetralophodon tetrameral tetrametric face Tetrapora (Hayasakaia) tetraspore tetrasymmetric face tetratohedral pentagonal dodecahedron tetratohedrsim tetratohedron tetratolite tetraxial spicule; tetraxou teuchit texasite Textularia texture texture analysis texture of drainage texture profile thalassic rock Thalassiophyta thalassocratic period thalassocratic sea level thalassocraton thalassogenesis thalassogenic movement thalassogenic sedimentation thalassoid thalassophile thalassostatic terrace thalenite thallium Thallophyta thalweg; talweg Thamnastraea thamnastraeoid thanatocoenose thanatocoenosis Thanetian Subage tharandite Thaumatopteris Thaumatrophia thaumasite thaw thaw lake thawing index thawing season thawing time The kingdom Animal The kingdom Botany The kingdom portista The morth craton the pacific Coast Geosyncline the period of elevation of the folded and thickened area the southeastern craton theca (in corals) theca thecal opening thecal pore thecal structure Thecata Thecal-plate thecodont thecodont dentition Thecodontia Thecoidea Thelodonti Thelodus thematic map thenardite theodolite theodolite goniometer theoretical astronomy theoretical porosity theoretical seismology theory of baryspheric origin theory of catastrophism theory of continental drift theory of evolution theory of gravitational instability theory of isostasy theory of natural selection theory of orthogenesis theory of radioactivity theory of racapitulation theory of stational level theory of triaxial Earth theory of upheaval theory of use and disuse theory of volcano accumulation theralite theralite diabase Therapsida Theriodontia therm (gram-calorie) thermal thermal abrasion thermal analysis thermal anomaly thermal anomaly belt thermal aureole thermal axis thermal blanket thermal capacity thermal circulation thermal circulation cycle thermal conductivity thermal constant thermal contraction hypothesis thermal convection thermal convection current thermal current thermal day thermal diffusivity thermal equator thermal expansion thermal expansion coefficient thermal fluctuation thermal high thermal inertia thermal instability thermal low thermal metamorphic deposit thermal metamorphic rock thermal metamorphism thermal neutron thermal potential thermal pressure thermal properties thermal prospecting thermal radiation thermal Rossby number thermal season thermal tide thermal unit thermal vibrational energy thermal wind thermal energy thermistor thermistor thermometer thermobalance thermochemistry thermocouple thermocyclogenesis thermodiffusion thermodynamic diagram thermodynamic efficiency thermodynamic energy equation thermodynamic function thermodynamic potential thermodynamic probability thermodynamic variable thermodynamics thermoelectricity thermogen[et]ic soils thermohaline alternation thermohaline circulation thermo-integrator thermokarst [topography] thermoluminescence thermoluminescent method thermometamorphism thermometer screen; thermoscreen thermometer shelter thermometric leveling thermonatrite thermonuclear evolution thermonuclear reaction thermophilic bacteria thermophility thermophyllite thermopile thermoremanent magnetization thermoremnance thermosteric anomaly thermotolerancy Therocephalia therology Theromorpha Theropoda thetagram thick fog thickness thickness chart thickness line thickness pattern thick-bedded sandstone thick-shelled fold thick-thin chart thick-skinned structure Thiessen polygons method thin section thin section analysis thin-bedded sandstone thin-bedded alternation of strata Thinnfeldia thinning thinning out thinolite thin section; preparate thiorsauite third circle gonimometer third contact third layer Third law of thermodynamics third mean line third order lamellae third order prism tholeiite tholeiite magma tholeiite type basalt tholoide thomaite thomsenolite thomsonite thoracic segment thoracic vertebra Thoracica thorax thoreaulite thorianite thorite thorium thorium-lead dating method Thornthwaites classification thorogummite thoron thortveitite Thoulets law Thoulets solution thread-lace-scoria three-story fan three-body problem three-circle goniometer three-cup anemometer three-dimensional network three-fold division three-layer structure three-point method threshold threshold depth threshold illuminance threshold of audibility threshold of pain threshold signal threshold value of contrast thrombolite through valley throw thrown fault thrown side thrown slip thrown wall thrust; thrust fault thrust nappe; thrust sheet thrust moraine thrust plane thrust slip thucholite thulite thulium thunder thunderbolt thundercloud thunderhead thundersquall thunderstorm thunderstorm cell thunderstorm cirrus thunderstorm day thuresite Thuringian age thuringite Thysanophyllum Thysanoptera Thysanura Tiaochishan series Tiaomachien Age Tibetodus Tibet-Yunnan massif tibia tidal bank tidal bore tidal breeze tidal channel tidal component; tidal constituent tidal constant tidal correction tidal current tidal current cycle tidal current ridge tidal cycle tidal datum tidal day tidal delta tidal difference tidal efficiency; T. E. tidal evolution tidal excursion tidal [mud] flat tidal flat deposit tidal force tidal friction tidal gravition force tidal hodograph tidal inlet tidal interval tidal mark tidal marsh tidal outlet tidal period tidal pole tidal potential tidal prism tidal race tidal range tidal resonance theory tidalrip tidal river tidal sand ridge tidal stream tidal stress tidal terrace tidal theory tidal torque tidal wave tidal wind tidal zone tide tide amplitude tide and half tide tide crack tide gage tide limit tide pool tide predicting machine tide tables tide-raising force tide rips tide wave tide zone facies tide-generating force; tide-producing force tide-generating potential tidology tie bar tie line tied island tiemannite Tienshanosaurus tiger-eye tight fold tight sand tilaite tilasite tile drain tile ore Tilia till till plain tillage tilleyite tillite Tillodontia tilloid Tillotherium tilt tilt-block basin tilt-block mountain tilt-block valley tiltmeter tilted arrangement tilted block tilted fault block tilted mountain tilted shoreline tilted strata tilth tilting tilting bucket raingage tilting term timazite timber line; tree line time time break time classification time constant time cross-section time-depth chart time-distance curve time-domain time element time factor time front time interval time lag time lead time mark time marking clock time mean chart time of advent; time of arrival time of concentration time of commencement time of dissociation time of earthquake at epicenter; time of occurrence at the epicenter time of occurrence at focus time of perihelion passage time of transit time parallel strata time rock correlation time rock unit time section time series time service time signal time tie time unit time value timing line Timiskaming system time-dependent flow time-distance graph time-height section time-interval radiosonde time-plane time-stratigraphic classification time-stratigraphic facies time-stratigraphic unit Timorphyllum tin tinbelt tin ore deposit tin placer tin pyrite tin salt tin stone tin vein tincal; tinkal; tinkalite tincalcite tincalconite tincticite tind tinder ore tin ore Tingia tinguaite tinguaite porphyry tint tinticite tintinnina tinzenite tirilite tirolite Tirolites Tiros satellite tit hills titanates titanaugite titanclinohumite titanic iron ore titanic magnetite titaniferous augite titaniferous magnetite titainite jacupirangite titanium titanium deposit titanium mineral titano-elpidite titanolite titanolivinte titanomagnetite titanomorphite Titanotherium titan-spinel titration titration alkalinity tiwa tiwa regional tiwa structural beds tjaele tjosite toadstone Todites todorokite toellite; tollite tofan toienite (windsorite) tokeite tolerance tolerance to acidity tombolo Tomistoma tonalite tonalite-aplite tonalite-pegmatite tonalite-porphyry tongara tongue tongue like basin Tonking massif Tonnacea tonsbergite tooth socket top conglomerate top side sounding top surface top wall topaz topazfels; toprzoseme topazite; topaz rock topazization topazolite topazoseme; topazite topographic control survey topographic correction topographic discordance topographic infancy topographic inversion topographic isostatic reduction topographic region topographic maturity topographic old age topographic[al] change topographic[al] map topographic[al] profile topographic[al] surveying topographic[al] unconformity topography toposequence topotype topailite topset bed topsoil tor torbanite torberite; (torbernite); chalcolite torbernite; torberite; chalcolite tordrillite torendrikite toreva-block landslide Torricelli's theorem tornadic thunderstorm tornado tornado cellar tornado echo t?rnebohmite torneyite torose load cast torque torrent torrential bedding torrential crossbedding Torreya Torricelli's tube torrid zone Torridonian system torsion torsion balance torsion coefficient torsion fault torsion gliding torsion joint torsion seismometer torsion joint system torsional couple torsional wave tort Tortonian age toryhillite tosca toscanite total analysis total differential total displacement total eclipse total emissive power total energy equation total evaporation total field intensity total force total gradient current total heave total porosity total potential drop total potential energy total precipitable water total pressure total reflection total reflectometer total scattering coefficient total scattering cross-section total selection total shrinkage total sky cover total symmetry total throw total variance total vorticity toucan touch touchstone tough flow toughness toughness index touriello tourmaline tourmaline pincette tourmaline rock tourmaline tong tourmaline-corundum rock tourmaline-granite tourmaline-greisen tourmaline-schist tourmalinization tourmalite Tournaician Age Toussaint's formula tow tower karst tower visibility towering towering cumulus town fog Townsend support toxic limit Toxodon Toxodonta toxoglossate type trabecula trace trace assemblage trace component trace element trace fossil; ichnofossil trace recorder trace slip trachea tracheid Tracheophyta tracht trachyandesite trachyphonolite trachyandesite basalt trachybasalt Trachyceras trachydolerite Trachydon trachyliparite Trachysaurus trachyte trachyte andesite trachyte porphyry trachyte vicoite trachyte-obsidian trachyte-pitchstone trachytic texture trachytoid texture trachytoid-phonolite track traction traction transport tractive current tractive force trade trade cumulus trade wind trade wind belt; trade wind zone trade wind cell trade wind desert traersu trail trail of the fault trailers trailing train of wave trajectory tramontana tranquil flow; streaming flow transcrystalline fracture transcurrent fault transcurrent fault system transcurrent thrust transducer transfer transfer percentage transfer technique transform fault transformant doctrine transformation of coordinates transformed wave transformist; metasomatist transfusion transgression transgression phase transgression sea transgressive intrusion transgressive overlap transgressive reef transgressive series transgressive sheet transient transit transit instrument transit of Mercury transit of Venus transit surveying transitional area; transition region transitional belt (transition zone) transitional environment transitional flow transitional form transitional motion transitional period transitional soil transitional wave transition element transition moor transition of higher order transition point transition rock transition series transitory variations translation; translational motion translation gliding translational asymmetric ripple translational movement translatory fault translatory wave transitional movement translucence translucent attritus translucent humic degradation translucency transmissibility transmissibility coefficient transmission transmission coefficient transmission constant transmission function transmission loss transmission range transmissivity; transmittance; transmittancy transmittance meter transmitted power transmitting medium transmutation trans-Neptunian planets transosondes transonic flow transparency meter transparent sky cover transparent substances transpiration transponder transport transport process transport twin transportability transportation transported clay transported deposit transported soil transporting media transposition transposition foliation trans-tidal wave transuranium element Transvaal system transversal bending transversal bending fold transversal coast transversal earthquake transversal fault transversal stream transversal thrust transversal valley; transverse valley; cluse transversal vein transversal wave transverse channel transverse basin transverse cleavage transverse consequent river transverse crevasse transverse dislocation transverse dune transverse escarpment transverse fault transverse fissure transverse fold; cross fold; oblique fold transverse gorge transverse joint transverse mercator projection transverse migration transverse moraine transverse resistance transverse ripple mark transverse stream transverse strike-slip fault transverse thrust transverse tissue transverse wave trap trap; trap rock trap dike Trapa trapezohedral hemihedrism trapezohedral tetartohedrism; trapezohedral tetartohedry trapezohedral tetartohedry trapezoidal projection trapgranulite trappoid rock trap-shotten gneiss trass Traumatocrinus travel time travel-time curve travelled mass travelled soil travelling dune travel-time graph travel-time table traverse traversellite traversia traversier travertine travertine terrace tread trechmannite tree climate tree ring tree threw tree-ring analysis trellis drainage Tremadocian Age tremolite-schist tremor trench trench belt trench fault trend trend chart trend line; leading line trend method Trentonian Age Trepostomata treppen concept triadaxis triakisoctahedron triakistetrahedron trial work triangular diagram triangulation triangulation net triangulation point; triangulation station Triangulum Triangulum Austruale Trias; Triassic Triassic Period Triassic System triaxial ellipsoid triaxial strain triaxial test apparatus traiaxon triaxons triboelectrification triboluminescence tributary tricellular theory Triceratops trichalcite trichite Trichopitys Trichoptera Trichroism Trichterdine trichyte tricklet triclinic base triclinic brachy-axis triclinic brachy-prism triclinic fabric triclinic feldspar triclinic hemihedron triclinic holohedron triclinic holohedral brachyprism triclinic holohedral brachypyramid triclinic holohedral class; pinacoidal class triclinic holohedral mocropyramid triclinic holohedral prism triclinic holohedral pyramid triclinic holohedral unit prism triclinic holohedral unit pyramid triclinic macro-axis triclinic pedial class triclinic prism triclinic pyramid triclinic symmetry triclinic symmetry of fabric triclinic system tricondont type Tricondonta tridymite tridymite alboranite tridymite latite tridymite peralboranite tridymite-trachyte trifid nebula trigger action trigger effect triggering trigonal antihemihedron trigonal axis trigonal bipyramid trigonal dipyramidal trigonal dipyramidal class trigonal dodecahedron trigonal hemihedral class trigonal hemihedral hemimorphism trigonal hemihedral holoaxial trigonal hemihedrism trigonal holohedral trigonal holohedral class trigonal parahemihedral trigonal prism trigonal prism of the first order trigonal prism of the second order trigonal pyramid trigonal pyramid of the first order trigonal pyramid of the second order trigonal pyramidal trigonal pyramidal class trigonal scalenohedral class trigonal subclass trigonal system trigonal tetartohedral trigonal tetartohedral class trigonal tetartohedral hemimorphism trigonal tetartohedrism trigonal trapezohedron trigonal trapezohedral class trigonal trisoctahedron trigonal tristetrachedron trigonal paramorphic hemihedral class Trigonia Trigonidae trigonite Trigonograptus trigonohedral antihemihedron trigonohedral antitetartohedral trigonometric function trigonometric levelling trigonometric parallax trigonometrical point trigonometrical survey Trigonstylopidea trilateration trilete suture trilling Trilobita Trilobitemorpha trilobitic facies trilobitoidea Trilophodon Trimerellacea trimerite trimetric face trimmed spur trimorphism trimorphous trinomen Trinucleus trioctahedron tripartite map tripestone triphane triphyline; triphylite tripinnate triple point triple register triple scalar product triple star triple state triple tombolo triple twin triple volcano Triplesiacea triple-zoned coral triplite triploidite tripoli; tripolite tripoli earth; tripolite trippkeite tripuhyite triserial arrangement trisoctahedron tristetrahedron Triticites tritium tritiomite triton tritoprism tritopyramid tritubercular type Trituberculata Tritylodon trochiform Trochoceras trochocone trochoid spiral; trochospiral trochoidal wave troctolite troegerite; trogerite Trogontheuium troilite trojan group tromba tromometer trona; tronite troostite trophic layer trophic niche trophic structure trophogenic layer Tropic Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn tropic range tropic tide tropical air mass climate tropical black soil tropical climate tropical continental air mass tropical continental climate tropical cyclone tropical day tropical deciduous forest tropical depression tropical desert tropical disturbance tropical easterlies tropical front tropical lake tropical maritime air mass tropical meteorology tropical month tropical monsoon climate tropical pedocal tropical rainforest tropical rainforest climate tropical rainy climate tropical revolution tropical revolving storms tropical savanna tropical savanna climate tropical soil tropical storm tropical tide tropical woodland tropical year tropical zone tropics tropopause tropopause break-line tropopause chart tropopause leaf troposphere tropospheric fallout tropospheric propagation trottoir troubled vein trough trough aloft trough bend trough bottom trough core trough cross-bedding trough fault trough headwall trough lake trough limb trough line trough reef trough surface trough type trough valley Troughton scale trowell trowlesworthite trudellite trumpet valley truncated soil truncated soil profile truncated upland truncated volcano truncation error trunk river; main stream Tryplasma Tsaidam block tscheffkinite; tschewkinite tschermakite tschermigite tschewkinite; tscheffkinite tshcinwinskite Tsinania Tsingling Axis tsingtauite tsokatabase Tsuga tsumebite tsunami tsunami source area tube tubercle tuberculo-sectorial tooth Tubicola tubicola Tubidendridae Tuboidea tuba tube-anemometer tubular deposit tubular spring tubular stalactite Tubulidentata tufa tufan; tofan tuff tuff agglomerate lava tuff breccia tuff cone tuff neck tuff porphyroid tuff ring tuff vent tuff volcano tuffacous facies tuffite tuff-lava tuffoid tulipan radiometer tumulus tundra tundra climate tundra crater tundra soil tungstates tungsten tungsten minerals tungstenite tungsten-powellite tungstic ocher tungsten ore Tungtzeella Tungwu movement Tunicata tunnel turbidite turbidity turbidity current turbidity factor turbidity screen turbidity size analysis turbidmeter turbinate turboglyph turbopause turbosphere turbonada turbulence turbulence diffusion turbulence intensity turbulence scale turbulence spectrum turbulent boundary layer turbulent conduction turbulent current turbulent diffusion turbulent dissipation turbulent energy turbulent exchange turbulent flow turbulent flux turbulent gas cloud theory turbulent intensity turbulent interaction turbulent motion turbulent stress turbulent shear stresses turf banked terrace turgite turjaite turkey-fat ore turmeric paper turn strip turning hour turnover frequency Turonian Age turquoise[e]; turkey stone Turrilites turnover processes turreted cloud turriliticone turtle stone tusculite tutvetite tveitasite twilight twilight arch twilight correction twilight phenomena twilight-glow twin (twinning crystal) twin axis; twinning axis twin earthquake twin gliding twin lamella twinning plane; twin plane twin volcano twin law; twinning law twin planet twin symmetry twin-striation twinkling of stars twist twister twisting term two-circle goniometer two-pyroxene andesite two-body problem two-fold division two-layer method two-layer structure two-phase convection two-story valley tychite Tychonic system Tyler standard scale Tylopoda tympanic bone tympanic membrane tympanum tyndall flowers type type locality type M. star type Method type section type symbol £` type £a type £i type type-genus type-£\ leader type-£] leader typhonic rock typhoon typhoon bar typhoon eye typogenesis typological concept typolyse typomorphic mineral tyranosanrus tyrolite tysonite vala-andhi ubac ubehebe ubiquitous minerals Udden scale uferbank udometer ugundite ugrandite Uintacrinus uintahite; uintaite Uintatherium ukrainite ulexite ulna ullmannite ulmin ultimate lines ultra high frequency ultrasonic ultraviolet ultraviolet ray ultra-micrometer ultra-Neptunian planets Ulodendron ulrichite Ulsterian age ultimate base level ultimate cleavage ultimate forms; ultimate landforms ultimate peneplain ultimate plain ultimate strength ultisol ultra clay ultra mud ultrabasic rock ultra-gravity waves ultrahigh pressure phase ultramafic rock ultramarine ultrametamorphic deposit ultrametamorphic venite ultrametamorphism ultramicrofossils; nanofossil ultramicropalaeontology ultra-microscope ultramicrostructure ultramylonite ultraplankton ultrasonic frequency ultrasonic wave ultraviolet radiation ultravolcanic explosion ulv?spinel unadaptative evolution umangite umbilical gap umbilical lobe umbilical ridge umbilical shoulder umbilical wall umbilicus umbonal cavity umbra umbrella effect Umkehr effect umlaufberg umptekite umptekite porphyry unaka unakite unaltered zone unary system unavailable nutrients (in soil) unavailable water uncertainty Uncinulus Uncinunellina Uncinus unconsolidated material uncompahgrite unconfined aquifer unconfined water unconfined virgation unconformability unconformity unconformity plane unconformity spring unconformity trap unconsolidated material unconsolidated sediment unda; undaform undamped oscillation undamped pendulum undathem undathem facies undation theory under cliff undercooling under flow undercast underclay undercurrent undercut undercut slope underfit meander underfit stream underground flow underflow water underground ice underground mapping underground pond underground resource underground stream; subterranean stream underground spring underground water underground water level underground water parting underlie underlying mass; undermass underlying strata undermelting undermining undersaturated rock; unsaturated rock underthrust underthrust mass undertow underwater camera Underwater illumination underwater light under water photogrammetry under water sound undifferentiated dike rock undisturbed motion undisturbed sample undulating horizon boundary undulation undulatory extinction undulatus unequal settlement uneven fracture unexplained variance unfelt earthquake unfree water unifilar electrometer ungraded stream Ungulata unhydration layer uniaxial mineral uniaxial spicule; monaxon uniaxial volcano unicellular bios uniclinal shifting uniclinal structure unicline unicomponent magma unicomponent system Unicorn; Monoceros uniform development uniform face uniform flow uniform sand uniformitarianism; Lyellism; uniformitarian theory uniformity coefficient uniformity diagram unilateral terrace Unilocular Foraminifera uninodal Unio unionite unipolar magnetic region uniramous uniserial uniserial arrangement unisilicates unisulcate unit unit cell unit coal; pure coal unit form unit hydrograph unit normal distribution unit prism unit pyramid unit response; impulse response unit stress unit weight univariant system univariate analysis universal clinometer universal equilibrium hypothesis universal gas constant universal gravitation universal gravitational constant universal stage universal time universal transmission function universal transversal Mercat or projection; UTM universe unlimited ceiling unloading unmixing unmixing texture unpaired bone unpaired fin unpaired terrace unprotected thermometer unrestricted transport unrestricted visibility unsaturated air unsaturated rock unsaturated flow unsaturated hydrocarbon unsaturated mineral unsaturated soil unsaturated flow unstability unstable unstable equilibrium unstable oscillation unstable relict mineral unstable shelf unstable slope unstable wave unstable zone unsteady flow unstratified drift unstratified rock unstratified structure upbank thaw upcast (upthrown) fault upcast side upconcavity updraft upfaulted block upper arc of vertebra upfold upheaval upland upland moor upland plain uplift uplifted beach uplifted bench uplifted block uplifted coral reef uplifted horst uplifted peneplain uplifted reef uplifted side uplifted wall upper air front upper apex of fold upper aristate process upper atmosphere Upper bend upper course Upper Dharwar System upper foreshore beach upper layer upper limb upper mantle Upper Mantle Project upper moraine upper nicol upper sublittoral zone upper wall upper wash slope upper water upper wind upraised block upright fold uprush upslope fog upthrown side upthrown wall upthrust upthrust fault-scarp upthrust side upwarped district upwarping upwelling updoming upthrust strike-slip fault Uppe Cave man upper air upper anticyclone upper bright-band upper culmination upper cyclone upper front upper high upper inversion upper level upper low upper mixing layer upper plastic limit upper ridge (upper-level ridge) upper trough (upper-level trough) upper-air chart (upper-level charty) upper-air disturbance upper-air observation upper-air sounding upper-level wind upstream upwind upwind effect uracano uraconite uralborite Uralian epoch uralite uralite-diabase uralite-diorite uralite-gabbro uralite-norite uralitite uralitization uralitophyre uralorthite uran mica uranagraphy uranates uraninite; nivenite uranite uranium uranium minerals uranium ocher uranium-helium method uranium-ionium dating uranium-lead dating uranium-thorium-lead method uranniobite uranochalcite uranocircite uranophane (uranotile) uranopilite uranosphathite uranospherite (uranosphaerite) uranospinite uranotantalite; samarskite uranothallite uranothorite Uranus uranvitriol urbainite urbanite urban geology urea ureilite Urey's theory urgneiss urkraton Urodela (Amphibia) urozean Ursa Major; Great Bear Ursa-Minor; Little Bear urstromtal urtite U-shaped dune U-shaped gullying U-shaped valley; U-valley ussingite Ussuria utahite Uumannia uvala; ouvala uvala stage uvanite uvarovite uvite uwarowite chromitite vaalite vacancy vadose vadose region vadose spring vadose water vadose zone vaesite vagina vaginoceras vagrant benthos vaguio valais wind valaite valamite valanginian age valbellite vale valencianite valency valency electron valentian age valentinite valid name vallerite vallevarite valley valley basin valley bottom; valley floor valley breeze valley deepening valley fen valley flat valley floor step valley fog valley glacier valley head valley-in-valley valley lengthening valley line valley meander valley meander gorge valley moor valley plain valley spacing valley spring valley system valley train valley wall valley widening valley wind valley-train terrace value of yielding valuevite valve valve overlap valvular pyramid Van Allen band Van Allen magnetic radiation belt Van Allen radiation belt vanadates vanadian augite vanadic mica; vanadium mica vanadic ocher vanadinite vanadium vanadium minerals vanalite vandenbrandeite vandendriesschreite vane vanishing point Van't Hoff's factor vanthoffite Van der Waals equation vapor vapor concentration vapor density vapor emission vapor line vapor-phase crystallization vapor-phase growth vapor pressure vapor tension vapor trail vaporimeter vaporization vapour pressure equilibrium method vardar vardarac variability variable variable area method variable ceiling variable density variable longshore current variable nebula variable quasars variable radio-frequency variable star variable type variable visibility variable wind variance variance ratio variance reduction variate variation variation area variation diagram (of igneous rocks) variegated copper ore variegated sandstone variety vario variograph variolitic structure variolitization variometer Variscan mountains Variscan orogeny (Hercynian orogeny) Variscan movement variskan granite varlamoffite varnish varnsingite varve; varved clay varve sediments varved slate vascula arcuata vascular media vascular plant vascular tissue; conducting tissue vaseline vashegyite vauclusian spring vaudaire vaugnerite vault of heaven vauquelinite vauxite v-dray veatchite vectopluviometer vector vector analysis vector field vector potential vector product vector-diagram vectorial property veering veering wind Vega vegasite vegetal period vegetation vegetation cover vegetation classification vegetation coast vegetation method vegetation season vegetation zone vegetative period veil nebula vein vein bitumen vein deposit vein dike vein material; vein matter vein quartz vein rock vein sampling vein stone vein structure vein system vein texture vein wall veinlet vein width vela; Argo velocity velocity assumption velocity curve velocity discontinuity velocity distribution velocity divergence velocity indicator velocity layer velocity logging velocity measurement velocity seismograph velocity of approach velocity of escape velocity of light velocity of propagation velocity of sound velocity potential velocity profile velocity ratio velocity space velocity-height-ratio velocity-increasing factor velum velvet copper ore venanzite venasquite vendaval veneer venite venous sinus vent vent agglomerate vent breccia venter Ventifact; Ventiface ventilation ventral aorta ventral face ventral fin ventral furrow ventral margin ventral rib ventral side Venturi tube Venus Venus hairstone veranillo verano Verbeekina verd antique verdant zone verglas verification verite vermes vermiculite vermiculite group vermilion vernal vernal equinoctial tide vernal equinox vernalization vernier vernier scale verrocano conglomerate vertebral body vertebral foramen vertebra; vertebral ossicles vertebral arc vertebral column Vertebrata vertebratus vertex vertical accretion vertical advection vertical aerial photo vertical aerial photograph vertical anemometer vertical anticline vertical arms vertical axis vertical circle vertical cleat vertical component vertical [component] seismograph vertical configuration vertical control vertical current vertical development cloud vertical differential chart vertical dislocation vertical displacement vertical electrical sounding vertical erosion; downcutting vertical exaggeration vertical fault vertical fold vertical force vertical form vertical gustiness vertical illuminator vertical interval vertical jet vertical log vertical magnetic intensity vertical migration vertical motion seismograph vertical movement vertical pendulum vertical polarization vertical prism vertical section vertical seismograph vertical separation vertical shift vertical shooting vertical sketch master vertical slip vertical stability vertical strata vertical stretching vertical throw vertical time-section vertical tissue vertical variability map vertical velocity vertical velocity curve vertical visibility vertical vorticity vertical wind shear vertical zonality of soil vertical-current recorder vertices of crystal vertisol very coarse sand very fine sand very high frequency very low frequency vesbite vesecite vesicle vesicular basalt vesicular lava vesicular structure vesicular tissue vesine vessel vestigial organ vestigiofossil Vesuvian-type volcano vesuvianite; idocrase vesuvite veszelyite vetrallite vibetoite vibraculum vibration vibration axis vibration direction vibration measurer vibration-rotation band vibrator vibrograph vicareous components vicinal face vicoite video video gain video mapping video signal vidicon viento roterio viento zonda Vietnam block vilateiter Villafranchian stage Villafranchian fauna villiaumite villiersite viluite (wiluite) Vindyan System vinessa violan violent earthquake violent storm virazon virazones virga virgation virgation of fold Virgil age virgin soil Virglorian age virgo (virgin) virgula Virgulian age viridine viridite virtual gravity virtual height virtual pressure virtual stress Virus visceral cavity (coelom) visceral foramen visceral sac viscosimeter viscosity viscosity coefficient viscous dissipation viscous drag viscous flow viscous fluid viscous force viscous stress Viseen epoch Visemurian Vishnu system visibility visibility meter visible horizon visible radiation visible spectrum visual acuity visual absolute magnitude visual angle visual binary visual contact height visual flight visual magnitude visual photometer visual photometry visual telescope visual range visual-range formula vitalism viterbite Vitiaz deep vitrain vitreous copper vitreous luster vitreous silver vitreous solid vitric tuff vitfifaction; vitrification vitrification range vitriol vitriol ocher vitriol spring vitriolic sinter; vitriolic tufa vitriolic tufa; vitriolic sinter vitrobasalt vitroclastic texture vitropatic texture vitrophyric texture vitrophyric diabase vitrophyre viuga viverravus Viviparus vlei soil vleis voelckerite; volckerite voelution; Convolution vogesite voglite void void ratio voidage Volans; Flying Fish volatile component volatile element volborthite volcanic action volcanic activity volcanic agglomerate volcanic arc volcanic ash volcanic ash soil volcanic association volcanic belt volcanic blast volcanic block volcanic body volcanic bomb volcanic breccia volcanic cake; dish stone volcanic center volcanic chain volcanic chimney volcanic cinder volcanic clay volcanic cliff volcanic cloud volcanic cluster; volcanic group volcanic coast volcanic collapse volcanic conduit volcanic cone volcanic conglomerate volcanic crater volcanic deposit volcanic depression volcanic detritus volcanic detritus-flow volcanic detritus soil volcanic dome volcanic dumpling; lava ball volcanic dust volcanic earthquake volcanic ejecta volcanic emanation volcanic embryo volcanic eruption volcanic exhalation-phenomenon volcanic explosion volcanic facies volcanic fissure volcanic focus volcanic friction breccia volcanic front volcanic gas volcanic geology volcanic glass volcanic graben volcanic hair volcanic island volcanic mud volcanic mudflow volcanic neck volcanic orifice volcanic phenomenon volcanic pile volcanic pipe volcanic plain volcanic plateau volcanic plug volcanic product; tephra volcanic rent (volcanic fissure trough) volcanic ridge volcanic rift zone volcanic rock volcanic row volcanic rubble volcanic rumbling volcanic sand volcanic scoria volcanic seaquake volcanic sediments volcanic shoreline volcanic sink; pit crater volcanic skeleton volcanic soil volcanic spine (aiguille) volcanic storm volcanic sublimate volcanic sulfur volcanic table mountain volcanic tear volcanic thunder volcanic thunderstorm volcanic tied-island volcanic tremor volcanic vent volcanic wind volcanic zone; volcanic belt volcanicity volcaniclastic flow volcaniclastic material volcaniclastic rock volcanic-tectonic depression volcanogenous soil; volcanogenic soil volcano-tectonic collapse volcanism; vulcanism volcanite volcano volcano group; volcano claster volcano-karst volcanology (vulcanology) volcano-stratigraphy volcano-tectonic line volchonskoite volhynite voltaite volt Voltzia voltzine; voltzite volume volume factor volume law volume median diameter volume of deposit volume percent volume scattering function volume target volume weight volumeter volumetric analysis volutacea Volvoceae Von Karmans constant Von Karmans law Von Kobells scale of fusibility vortex vortex filament vortex line vortex motion vortex ring vortex sheet vortex street vortex trail vortex train vortex tube vorticity vorticity equation vorticity path vorticity-transport hypothesis Voss polariscope vriajem V-shaped depression V-shaped gorge V-shaped gullying V-shaped valley V-type check dam vug (vugh) vuggy porosity vuggy rock Vulcanian eruption vulcano; volcano vulgur establishment vullinite Vulpecula; Fox and Goose vulpinite vulsinite vulsinite vicoite Vuthan W2 wave W3 wave Waagenoceras Waagenoconcha Waagenophyllum Waal warm age wacke wad wadeite Wadell's law of settling velocity wadi; arroyo; chebka wadis; dry valley; nullah; shebka; wady; wash wagnerite wake Walchia walkerite; Walker's clay wall wall effect wall friction wall rock wall rock alternation Wallachian movement wall-sided glacier walpurgite wandering Wanhsien fauna waning slope Wanwanoceras wapplerite wardite warm air-mass warm anticyclone warm braw warm current warm cyclone warm forest zone warm front warm front rain warm high warm low warm occluded front warm rain warm sector warm tongue warm water sphere warm wave warm-air drop; warm drop; warm pool warm-core anticyclone warm-core cyclone warm-core high warm-core low warm-front-type occlusion warm-tongue steering warm-type occlusion warning warning stage warp soil warped basin warping warping earthquake warrenite warwickite Wasatch wind wash; donga; shebka wash load wash slope washability washboard moraines wash-bottle washingtonite Washoe zephyr wash-out gravel wastage waste waste slope wastefilled valley wasting land water water atmosphere water balance water-bearing stone water bloom water body water bottle water budget water cloud water color water content water culture water equivalent water deficit water drive water erosion water exchange water film water gap water gas water gage water ice water level; water stage water logging water loss water mark water mass water mass analysis water meter water of constitution water of crystallization water of imbibition water of plasticity water permeability water pocket; water vein water power water pressure water requirement water retention water sapphire water saturation water seepage water sky water smoke water shed; water divide water snow water (moisture) sorption water sphere water spout water spreading water-stable aggregate water substance water surplus water system water table; ground water surface water table map water transport water type water vapor water vascular system water year; hydrological year water-bearing formation water-dissolved natural gas water-flow pyrheliometer water-flow recorder watershed area watershed inventory survey water-stage recorder water-use ratio water-vapor absorption water-vapour pressure law waterfall waterfall effect waterfall erosion waterfall line watershed watershed observation Water snake; Hydrus waterway water-table theory water-tuff wathlingenite watt wattevillite wave wave age wave amplitude wave base wave built terrace wave climate wave cloud wave crest wave current wave cutting; wave erosion wave cyclone wave decay wave depression wave diffraction wave direction wave disturbance wave energy wave equation wave face wave frequency wave front wave gage wave group wave height wave length wave line wave mark wave motion wave number wave of compression wave of condensation wave of condensation and rarefaction wave of distortion wave of explosion wave of finite amplitude wave of oscillation wave of translation wave path wave period wave pole; wave staff wave pressure wave recorder wave reflection wave refraction wave ripple mark wave spectrum wave speed wave steepness wave system wave surface wave theory wave theory of cyclones wave theory of light wave train wave trough wave velocity wave vibration wave-built terrace wave-cut bench wave-cut chasm wave-cut cliff wave-cut plain wave-cut terrace wave-front method wave-guide wave-type disturbance waveform waveguide wavelength wavelet wavellite Waverlian age waves of folds wavy extinction wax coal wax opal waxing development waxing slope waxy luster weak anion weak earthquake; weak shock weak-line gorge weak structure Wealden age wear-down weather weather analysis weather change weather cock weather code weather control weather forecast; weather prediction weather gage weather glass weather goods weather lore; weather proverb weather map weather modification weather observation weather patrol ship weather radar weather reconnaissance weather ship weather station weather type weather-map type weathered layer weathered ore weathered pebble weathering weathering correction weathering crust weathering escarpment weathering index weathering pit weathering residue weathering sequence wearing through weathering unit Weber line Weber number Weber's law Weber-Fechner law websterite websterite porphyry webyeite weddellite wedding out; thinning out Wedekindellina wedge wedge-photometer wedge-shaped block wedge-shaped horst wedge theory wedge-shaped graben wedge-shaped hill wedging Weger aspirator Wegener hypothesis weibyeite Wiechert-Gutenberg discontinuity weigelite weighing rain-gage weight weight barograph weight barometer weight chart weight percent weinchenkite weiselbergite Weiss's symbol Weiss's notation weld tuff welded pyroclastic rock welded tuff welding well wellilluminated belt; euphotic belt well log Wellerella well salt wellsite; courzite; kurtzite welt wennebergite Wentzelella Wernerian theory wernerite weslienite wesselite west West African massit West Australia current West Shantung Antiklise west wind drift westerlies westerly belt westerly wave westerwaldite Westfalien epoch Westonia west-wind drift zone wet adiabat wet air wet-and-dry bulb hygrometer wet blasting wet-bulb wet climate wet density wet fog wet gas wet method wet reagent wet season wet snow wet soil wet spell wet type well method wet-adiabatic lapse rate wet-bulb depression wettability wetted perimeter wetting combustion method wetting curve Whale; Cetus whaleback whaleback cloud wham wheel-barometer wheel-ore wherryite whetstone whinstone; whunstone whip-poor-will storm whirlpool whirl wind whirld psychrometer whirlies whirling thermometer whisker crystal whistler whistling meteor whistling wind white alkali soil white band white beryl white body white buran white cap white clay white copperas white dew white dwarf white frost white garnet White Jura white lead; white lead ore white light white pyrite white rainbow white sand white squall white vitriol white zinc ore whiteout whitneyite whole gale whorl wichtisite; tachylite wide-angled object-glass widening width width of outcrop width of vein Wiechert seismograph Wielandiella wiikite Wild fence wild snow wildbach wild-type gene Wild's evaporimeter wilkeite wilkinite willemite williamsonoia williwaw Wilson cloud-chamber wilsonite wilting coefficient wilting point wind wind action wind belt wind-blown dust wind-carved pebble wind cave wind chill wind cone wind corrasion wind crust wind current wind deposition wind direction wind direction recorder wind divide wind drift wind eddies wind edge wind erosion wind erosion lake wind erosion pillar wind-facetted stone wind facies wind factor wind field wind force wind friction wind (air) gap wind gauge wind gully wind sleeve wind storm wind strata windkanter wind layer wind pressure wind profile wind ridge wind ripple; wind ripple mark wind rose wind scale wind scoop wind shear wind sock wind stress wind strip cropping wind tunnel wind system wind vane wind velocity indicator wind velocity wind velocity profile wind wave wind-worn pebble; wind-carved pebble wind-borne sediments wind-channel wind-chill factor wind-chill index wind-direction shaft wind-driven current wind-erosion basin wind-shift line wind-speed windbreak windburn wind kanter; facetted pebble; ventifact; sand-blasted pebble; windworn pebble windmill anemometer window window frost window ice window-bearing sample method wind of 120 days wind-polished rock wind-pollinated plant wind-protection plantation wind-slab avalanche windrow cloud winds aloft winds-aloft observation windsorite; toienite windward wing winged headland wing-like projection winnowing winter winter day winter heat income winter ice wire grating wire intervals wiresonde wire-weight gage wisperwind withershine woerthite; worthite wolf number wolfsbergite wollastonite wollastonite pegmatite wollastonite gneiss wood copper wood opal wood peat wood tin woodendite woodland soil woren wire dam work work function work hardening Workman-Reynolds effect world aeronautical chart world rift system worm excretion wormkalk worms worms-eye map w?rthite; woerthite woven picket fence wrench fault; trans current fault winter snowline winter solstice winter stagnation period wire rope wire sounding wisaksonite Wisconsin glacial stage wiserite withamite witherite wittichenite; wittichite witwatersrand system woehlerite; wohlerite wohnspuren wolchonskoite wolfachite Wolfcamp age wolfeite wolfram wolfram ocher wolframite wolfsbergite; chalcostibite wrench frans current fault wretbladite Wright effect wrinkle wrinkle ridge writing pointer written log wulfenite Wulff net Wurm (glacial age) wurtzilite wurtzite Wutai system Wutai massif Wutung quartzite wyomingite X ray xaloch xanthite xanthocon[ite] xantholite xanthophyllite xanthorthite xanthosiderite xanthoxenite Xenarthra xenidium xenoblast xenocryst xenogenous deposit xenoikic texture xenolite xenolith; zenolith Xenology xenomorphic mineral xenon xenon isotope method xenotime (xenotimite) Xenoxylon xerochore Xerophile (Xerophyte¡F Xerosere) xerophytic vegetation xi structure Xiphodon Xiphosura xonaltite; xonotlite x-ray; x ray x-ray analysis (of crystals) x-ray astronomy x-ray diffraction method x-ray diffractometer x-ray fluorescence analysis x-ray microanalyser x-ray powder line x-ray powder photographs x-ray spectrograph x-ray spectrometer x-ray tube xylem xylite xylene xyloid coal; woody lignite xyloretinite xylotile Y level Yabeina Yabeinosaurus Yagi antenna yalca yama; sinkhole yamase yamaskite yamaskite carbonatite yamaskite porhyry Yanchiatun series Yangchienia Yangsin series Yangtze basin Yangtze stage Yangtzeella yard yardang Yarmouth interglacial stage yatalite yazoo river year yeast yeatmanite Yehli formation Yehli uplift yellow copper ore yellow earth yellow ground yellow lead ore yellow mud yellow ocher yellow ore yellow podzolic soil yellow quartz yellow sand yellow snow yellow soil yellow substance yellow wind yellowish brown lateritic soils Yenchang series Yenan series Yenite; jenite Yenshan fold belt Yenshan granite Yenshan movement Yenshan parageosyncline yield yield point yield strength yield stress yogoite Yohlu quartzite yoked basin Yoldia youg young coastal plain young red earth young ice young karst young mountain young river young shoreline young soil young stage young topography; youthful topography young valley young volcano Ypresian age ytterbium yttrialite yttrium-aluminum garnet yttrium-iron garnet; YIG yttroalumite yttrocalcite yttrocerite; Yettrocererite yttrocolumbite; Yttroniobite yttrocrasite yttrofluorite yttrogarnet yttrogummite yttroilmenite yttroparisite yttratantalite yttrotitanite yttrotungstite Y-type tombolo Yuanophyllum yukonite Yungning formation Yunnan-Burmese crystalline complex Yunnanella Yunnan-Vietnam massif Yunnanellina Yunnanocephalus Yunnanosaurus Zalambdalestes Zalambdonta Zaluskar crystalline schist zone Zamites Zaphrentoides zaratite Zastrugi zeagonite zebedassite Zechstein epoch Zeeman effect zeilanite ceylonite zenith zenith angle zenith distance zenith telescope zenithal projection zenithal rain zenocentric coordinates zenographic coordinates zenography zenolite zeolite zeolite facies zeolite process zeolitic complex zeolitic copper deposit zeolitic water zeolitization zeophyllite zepharovichite zephyr zephyros zero glacial age zero level zero meridian zero order geodimeter traverse zero point zero-point energy zeroth law of thermodynamics zeta potential zeugenberg zeugloadon zeugogeosynclines zeunerite zeuxite zeylanite; ceylonite zianite zietrisikite zig-zag fault zig-zag fold zigzag lightning zimmermanns graphic method zinc zinc blende zinc bloom zinc flower zinc ore zinc spar zinc white zinc-alummite zinc-aragonite; nicholsonite zinc-copper melanterite zinc-fahlerz zinc-fauserite zincite zinckenite zinkenite zinc-lead ore deposit zincmagnesium chalcanthite; comstockite zinc-melanterite zincocalcite zinc-saponite zinc-spinel zinc-vitriol Zinjanthropus zinkenite; zincknite zinkosite zinnober; cinnaber zinnwaldite zippeite zircon; azorite zircon syenite zirconate zirconium minerals zirconium ore zirkelite Zirkel's classification Zoantharia Zoantharia Rugosa zoarium zobaa zobtenfels; zobtenite zobtenite; zobtenels zodiac zodiacal band zodiacal belt zodiacal circle zodiacal cloud zodiacal cone zodiacal light Zondiacal constellations Zondiacal counterglow zondiacal sign zoisite zoisite-oligoclase pegmatite zoisitization zonal arrangement zonal circulation zonal distribution zonal flow zonal growth zonal index zonal kinetic energy zonal mineral zonal pegmatite zonal pressure belt zonal soils zonal structure zonal westerlies zonal wind zonal wind-speed profile zanality of soil zonda zone zone axis zone circle zone equation zone face zone fossil zone indices zone law zone melting zone melting method zone of abnormal seismic intensity zone of abyssal intrusion zone of accumulation zone of aeration zone of capillarity zone of cementation zone of dense welding zone of detachment zone of discharge zone of enrichment zone of evaporative regulation zone of flowage zone of fold zone of fracture zone of fracture and flow age zone of gossan zone of igneous activity zone of intermittent saturation zone of leaching zone of magma zone of maximal change zone of maximum precipitation zone of metamorphism zone of non-saturation zone of oxidation zone of permanent saturation zone of primary deposit zone of primary ore zone of primary sulphide zone of reduction zone of rock-flowage zone of saturation zone of silence zone of trade wind zone of variable wind zone of wastage zone of weathering zone plane zone point zone rule zone symbol zone bundle zoned plagioclase zoned skarn zoned ultrabasic complex zoning zoning fossil zonochlorite; pumpellyite zonule zoobenthos zoogeography; animal geography Z?rich number zooecia zoogeographic region zooliths; zoogenic rock zooplankton zorgite Zostera zunyite zurlite zweikanter zwieselite zwitter zygadite zygapophysis zygopoda Zygospira zygote zymogenous microflora