male gamete malformation-crystal malignite malladrite mallardite malleability malleable mineral malleolus Malm Epoch malm stone maltha; mineral tar Malus mamanite mamelon; mameron mamma; mammatus mammalia mammalogy mammary gland mammato-cumulus mammilated surface mammillary structure manandonite manasseite Manchurichthys Manchuriella Manchurochelys mandatory layer mandatory level mandatory surface mandelstone mandible mandschurite Mandschurosaurus Manebach twin manganblende mangan brucite mangan chlorite mangan epidote mangan spar manganandalusite manganapatite manganaxinite mangancolumbite mangandolomite manganese manganese alum manganese amphibole manganese dating method manganese epidote manganese [aluminium] garnet manganese garnet syenite manganese nodule manganese ocher manganese ore manganese ore deposit manganese pyroxene manganese spar manganese vitriol manganese zinc pyroxene manganese zinc spar manganese-anorthite manganese-cordierite manganese-gehlenite manganesian garnet mangan-fluorapatite manganhedenbergite manganite mangankoninckite manganleonite manganludwigite mangan-magnetite mangan-melanterite mangan-niobite; manganocolumbite manganocalcite manganochromite manganonatrolite manganopectolite mangan-othite manganosiderite manganosite manganostibnite manganostilphomelane; parsettensite manganotantalite manganotremolite manganoxyapatite manganpectolite manganpyrosmalite manganspinel mangerite mangerite facies mangerite porphyrite mangrove mangrove coast mangrove swamp manha Manis manjak manjiroite mannah massif manometer manoxylic manticoceras manticoceras intumescems mantle mantle cavity mantle convection mantle convection theory mantle fold mantle line; pallial line mantle rock; regolith mantle surface wave mantle-core discontinuity Manto series many-body problem map map compilation map interpnetation map manuscript map of flow lines map of isolines map projection map reproduction map scale Mapa man Maping series mapping Marattia Marattiopsis marble marburgite marcasite; marchasite marceline; marcelline Marcellus marchite marcylite mare marekanite mares' tails mareugite margalitic soil margarite margarodite marginal arc marginal assimilation marginal border marginal crevasse marginal deep marginal deposit marginal drainage marginal facies marginal fissure marginal furrow marginal fracture marginal joint marginal lagoon marginal lake marginal land marginal maraine marginal peneplain marginal plain marginal plateau marginal platform marginal ray marginal pore marginal scarp marginal schistosity marginal sea marginal swell marginal terrace marginal texture marginal thrust marginal trench marginal vibration marginal zone margination texture Marginifera Margules's equation marialite marienbergite marignacite Marignac's salt marigraph marine accumulation marine air marine arch marine atmosphere marine barometer marine bed marine bench marine biogeographical region marine clay marine climate marine climatology marine denudation marine deposit marine deposition marine desert marine ecology marine environment marine erosion marine facies marine facies clastic bed marine geology marine levee marine marsh; salt marsh marine meteorology marine microbiology marine middle latitude climate marine paleontology marine peneplain marine placer marine plain marine planation marine progressive overlap marine rainbow marine resource marine science marine sediments marine snow marine soil marine strath marine swamp marine terrace marine till marine transgression marine transportation marine weather observation marine-built terrace marine-cut terrace Mariopteris Mariotte's law mariposite maritime airvmass maritime climate maritime equatorial air mass Maritime pacific air mass maritime tropical air mass maritime tundra maritime plant maritime-continental contrasts maritime meteorology mariupolite mark marker bed; key bed; marker horizon markfieldite markle basalt marl marl slate marl[y] soil marlaceous chalk marlite marloesite marly facies marly ooze marmarosis marmolite marosite Mars Marsden chart marscoite marsh marsh gas marsh land marsh plant marsh soil marshite Marsh's test Marsupialia Martellia Martian magnetic field Martinia martinite martite marundite marvin sunshine recorder masanite masanophyre mascagnin; maseagnite masculine ruby mash massicotite mass mass conservation mass deficiency mass exfoliation mass extinction mass function mass mortality mass movement mass number mass property mass sliding mass spectrum mass spectrum scope mass spectrometer mass spectrometric analysis mass surplus mass susceptibility mass transfer mass transport mass wasting massafuerite massicot; massicotite massif massive colony massive eruption massive lava massive limonite massive mountain massive ore massive replacement massive rock massive structure massive sulfide massive volcano mass-luminosity curve master joint master recession curve master river Mastodon Mastodonsaurus masuyite mat surface; frosted surface matching coastlines material material coordinates material derivative mathematical climate mathematical geography mathematical model matildite matinal matlockite matrix Matsuyama Reversed Polarity Epoch matte matter matterhorn matteuccite mature mature conglomerate mature karst mature profile mature mountain mature river mature shoreline mature stage mature topography mature valley maturely dissected plain maturity maturity index maturity plain maturity stage Mauch Chaunk Series maucherite mavinite maxilla maxima of regular waves in the principal phase maxima of wave of the end portion maximal phase maximum acceleration of vibrations maximum amplitude maximum and minimum thermometer maximum capillary water capacity maximum depth maximum extension maximum moisture capacity maximum perigee spring tide maximum possible precipitation maximum precipitation maximum shear strain maximum shear stress maximum tangential stress maximum water-holding capacity maximum zonal westerlies maximum-wind topography Maxwell theory maxwellian radiation Mayumbe belt mazapilite Md¡F phi median diameter meadow podzol meadow soil meager feeling mean mean anomaly mean basin area mean deviation mean distance mean diurnal motion mean ecliptic mean elevation of basin mean equator mean equatorial day mean equinox mean high water mean high water interval mean high-water neap mean high-water spring mean higher high water mean land level meanline mean longitude mean low water mean low water neap mean low water spring mean lower low water mean lunar day mean motion mean noon mean obliquity mean parallax mean polar axis mean position mean range mean refraction mean relief ratio of basin mean sea depth mean sea level; MSL mean sidereal time mean size mean slope of basin mean solar day mean solar time mean solar year mean sphericity mean stream length mean stress mean sun mean synodic lunar month mean time mean water level meander meander bar meander belt meander core meander cutoff meander index meander lobe meander loop meander neck meander radius meander scar meander scarp meander scroll meander terrace meandering forms meanderoid corallum measure measurement measurement of [atmosphere] electric fields mechanical analysis mechanical composition mechanical concentration mechanical constituent mechanical deposit mechanical disintegration mechanical dislocation mechanical eluviation mechanical isolation mechanical registration mechanical sediments mechanical segregation mechanical seismograph mechanical stage mechanical twin; glide twin mechanical twinning mechanical weathering mechanism mechernichite Meckels cartilage Mecoptera medamaite medial moraine medial pseudomoraine medial saddle median median diameter median fold median furrow median lamella median layer median lobe median magnitude median node median particle diameter median photographic magnitude median ridge median septum median sinus median sulcus median surface median tectonic line of inner zone median tectonic zone median ventral septum medical geology medicinal spring mediiphyvic texture Medinan series mediocris mediolittoral zone mediophyric texture mediosilicic rock mediterranean climate mediterranean sea Mediterranean suite Mediterranean volcanic zone medium medium sand medium scale medium septum medium-grained texture medium-range forecast medmontite medulla oblongata Medullosa medusa Meekella Meekoceras meerschaum megayear megaanticlinorium megabar megabasite megabios megacells Megaceros; Megaloceras Megachiroptera megacycle megadyne megaevolution megafossil megagamete megagametophyte Megalithic age Megalobatrachus megaloplankton Megaloptera Megalosaurus megalospheric form; megaspheric form megameter Meganeura Meganthropus palaeajavanicus meganticlinoria megaparsec megaphenocryst megaphyric texture megaripple megascleres megascopic classification; macroscopic classification megaseism megashear megaspheric form; megalospheric form megasporangium megaspore megasporophyll megasynclinoria megasynclinorium megatectonics Megatherium megathyrid megavarve megger meiobenthos meionite meiopaleontology meiophyllous plant; microphyllous plant meizoseismal area meizoseismal curve mela-basalt melaconisa; melaconise; melaconite meladiabase meladiorite melagabbro melagabbro-porphyry melagranodiorite mela-kalisyenite melanite melanite-nepheline syenite melanite-phonolite melanocerite melanochalcite melanochroite melanocrate melanocratic rock melanophlogite melanorite melanosiderite melanostibite melanotekite melanovanadite melanteria; green vitriol melanterite; iron vitriol melaphyre melaphyre basalt melaphyre porphyry melaphyre-ash-tuff melarhyodacite melasilexite melasyenite melasyenodiorite melasyenogabbro melatonalite melatope melfite melilite humboldtilite melilite ankaratrite melilite etindite melilite fasinite melilite italite melilite nepheline basalt melilite-leucitite melilitholihe melilitite melioration meliphanite mellite mellowsoil melnikovite-marcasite melnikovite-pyrite melonite melt retardation melteigite melteigite carbonatite meltemia melting melting curve melting level melting point member meviaccanite mendelerium Mendelism mendip mendipite mendozite meneghinite Mengyin series menilite meniscus Menophyllum Mensa; Table Mountain Mentoukou series Menyanthes trifoliata Mercalli scale mercallite Mercators modified conical projection mercuric fahlore; mercury fahlore; mercurial tetrahedrite mercuric ore; mercury ore Mercury mercury mercury barometer mercury (mercuric) blende mercury deposit mercury tube seismometer mercury horizon mercury salt meridian meridian circle meridian photometer meridian transit meridional cell meridional depression meridional flow meridional front meridional index meridional plane meridional wind Meristella merocrystalline texture merohedral form merohedric form merohedrism meromictic lake meronekton meroplankton merostaxia Merostomata merosymmetric merosymmetry merrillite merumite merwinite Merycoidodon gracilis Meryhippus mesa mesenchyme mesentery mesh Mesichthys mesitite; mesitine; mesitine spar Mesoblastus Meso-Cathaysia mesoclimate Mesocormophyta mesocrate mesocrystalline texture mesoderm Mesogastropoda mesogeosyncline mesogeia mesogneiss Mesohippus mesoiden mesokortosis mesolithic age Mesolobus meson Mesonyx mesopause mesopegmatophyre mesopelagic orgamsin mesophyte Mesophytic Era mesopore Mesoproterozoic era Mesophyllum Mesosaurus mesoscopic structural analysis mesosiderite mesosilexite mesosphere mesostructure; mesoscopic structure Mesosuchia mesothyrid mesotil mesotourmalite mesotrophic lake mesotype Mesozoic Mesozoic downwarping Mesozoic era Mesozoic group Mesozoic orogeny mesozone messelite messenger mestigmerite meta alunogen meta-autunite metabasaluminite metabasite metabentonite metablastesis metabolism metabolite metabrushite metacarpus (metacarpal bone) metachronism metacinnabarite; metacinnaber metaclase metaclase cleavage metacolloid metacone metaconid metaconule metacristobalite metacarpal bone metacryst metacrystal inclusion metadiabase metadiorite metagabbro metagenic deposit metagenic twin metagneiss metagreywacke Metagymnospermae metahewettite metahohmannite metakaolinite metal metal age metal crown metal factor metal scoop metal template method metalimnion metallic bond metallic color metallic line metallic luster metallic mineral metallic ore deposit metalliferous ore metalliferous unit metalliferous vein metallization metallogenesis metallogenetic element metallogenetic epoch metallogenetic province; metallogenic province metallogenic factor metallogenic map metallogenic unit metallogeny metallographic study metallography metalloid metallometry metallotect metallourgy metaloparite metaluminous rocks metaluminous type metamerisation metamerism metamict metamict mineral metamorphic aureole metamorphic belt metamorphic differentiation metamorphic differentiation theory metamorphic diffusion metamorphic fabric metamorphic facies metamorphic facies series metamorphic formation metamorphic grade metamorphic reaction metamorphic rock metamorphic zone metamorphism metamorphosis Metamynodon metaorogeny Metaorthis metahydroboracite metarhyolite metaripple metarossite meta-saleeite metasalt metasanidine metasedimentary rock metasediments Metasequoia metasicula metasideronatrite metasomatic deposit metasomatic pseudomorph metasomatic rock; metasematite metasomatic skarn metasomatic vein metasomatist; transformist metasomatite; metasomatic rock metasome metastable metastable composition metastable mineral metastasis metatarsus metatectonic metatexis metatexite metathenardite Metatheria metathomsonite; epithomsonite metatorbernite metatype meta-uvanopilite metavariscite metavauxite mecavoltaite metavoltine; metavoltite; metavoltaite metazeolite metazeunerite Metazoa meteor meteor crater meteor shower meteor trail meteoric hypothesis meteoric iron meteoric stone meteoric water meteoric water theory meteorite meteorite age meteorite crater meteorite flux meteoritic optical activity meteoroid meteorologic oceanography meteorologic sea level meteorologic tide meteorological acoustics meteorological cycle meteorological data meteorological equator meteorological instrument meteorological noise meteorological observation meteorological observing network meteorological optics meteorological range meteorological region meteorological station meteorological stress meteorological symbol meteorology meteorotropic disease meteorotropism meter; metre meter candle methane methanol method by independent model method for determining refractive index method of intersection method of least squares method of perturbation method of radiation method of small perturbation method of successive approximations methylene diiodide methylene iodide Metonic cycle meroplankton metavariscite; cllinovariscite metric system metric variation Metriophyllum meyerhofferite mgal; milligal miagite miargyrite miarolite miarolitic structure miarolitic cavity miascite; miaskite mica mica book micaceous hematite; mica hematite mica deposit mica group mica lattice orientation mica plate mica-andesite mica-basalt micaceous iron ore micaceous sandstone micaceous shale micaceous structure mica-dacite micanite mica-norite micaphyre mica-schist mica-slate micatization micelle Michelinia micrite; microcrystalline calcite ooze microanalysis microatoll microaphanitic texture microbaroms microbenthos microbiology microbios microbiostratigraphy Microbrachis microbreccia microchemical test microchemical-analysis microchemistry Microchiroptera microclastic texture microclimate microclimatology microcline microcline nepheline syenite microcline perthite microcline structure microcline syenite microcline twinning microcline-albite series microclinite microconcretion microcontinent microcoquina microcosmic salt; streorite microcosmic salt bead reaction microcryptocrystalline texture microcrystalline texture micro-dunhamite; dunhamite microearthquake microelement microeutaxitic texture microevolution microfault microfelsite microfelsitic microflaser structure micro-flora microfluidal texture; microfluxion texture microfoliation microfossil microfossil flora microgamete microgametophyte microgeomorphology microgranite microgranitic texture microgranitoid microgranodiorite micro-granophyric texture microgranular texture micro-granular calcareous algae micro-granular test micrographic intergrowth micrographic texture microlagoon microlapies microlite microlith microlithon microlitic texture micrologging micromesh micrometer micrometeorite micrometeorite infall micrometeoroid micrometeorology Micromitra micro-mud micron micro-nutrient microorganism micropalaeobotany micropalasontology micropegmatite micropegmatitic texture microperthite microphenocryst microphitic texture microphysiography microplankton microplant fossil Microplasma micropluviometer micropoikilitic microporphyritic Micropygous micropyle microrelief micro-relief topography Microsauria microscleres microscope microscope hardness tester microscope photometer microscopic fabric microscopic petrography microscopic structure; microstructure microscopic structural analysis microseismic activity microseismic barrier microseismic movement microseismic theory microseismograph microseismometer microseisms microsommite microsphaeric form microspheric microspherulitic texture microsporangium microspore microsporophyll microsporophyte microstratification microstylolite microtectonics microtinite microtome microtopography; microrelief topography micro-tremor microvibrograph microwave radiation microwave refractometer microphyric texture microzone mid-ocean ridge mid-axial valley midbay bar middle cloud middle ear Middle Holocene transgression middle latitude middle latitude climate middle layer middle limb; middle wing middle mountain middle tooth (cardinal tooth) mid-latitude season mid-latitude west wind midnight sun midnight wind mid-ocean canyon mid-ocean plateau mid-ocean ridge; mid-oceanic ridge mid-ocean rift [valley] mid-ocean volcanic belt mid-oceanic island mid-oceanic seismic zone Mie scattering Mie scattering theory Mie theory mienite miersite migma migmatite migmatite front migmatization migration migration of divide migration of geosyncline migration of organisms migration of orogenic zone migration of valley migratory dune miharaite mijakite; miyakite milarite mild humus mile miliolite milipore-filter military geology milk ice milk opal; milky opal milk-stone milky quartz Milky way milky weather Millepora millerite; nickel pyrite millet-seed sand millibar milli-micron millisite millstone grit millstone-quartzite miloschite miltonite Mimella mimesite mimetesite; mimetite mimetic crystallization mimetic crystals mimetic twinning mimicry mimoceracone mimophyre mimosite minal minasragrite Mincheh movement Mindel Mindel glacial age; Mindel glaciation Mindel-Riss mine mine crater mineral mineral assemblage mineral bloom mineral chemistry mineral cleavage mineral coke mineral composition mineral deposit mineral facies mineral kingdom mineral of rare metal mineral paint mineral physics mineral pitch; asphalt mineral potential mineral rock mineral separation mineral soil mineral species mineral spring mineral stability mineral stability series mineral synthesis mineral technology mineral varnish mineral vein mineral water mineral wax mineral well mineral zone mineralight mineralization mineralization period mineralized limestone mineralized tissue mineralizer; mineralizing agent mineralizing fault mineralogical phase rule mineralogy mineraloid mineral product minerogentic epoch minerogentic province minervite minette minettefels minimal flight minimal heading minette-felsite miniature lagoon minimum deviation minimum ionizing speed minimum pendulum minimum substance minimum time path mining mining geology minium; red lead minophyric texture minor accessories minor axis minor [river] bed minor control minor control survey system minor drag minor element minor fault minor fold minor glacial age minor intrusive minor irreqularities minor nutrient element; rarer essential element; miner element; trace element minor planet minor limit minor lobe minor ridge minor sea breeze minor semi-axis minor septum minor shock minor structure minor trough minus mineral minute folding minute mark; minute time-mark minute of arc minverite minyulite Miobatrachus Miocene Miocene epoch miogeanticlinal ridge miogeosynclinal complex miogeosynclinal furrow miogeosynclinal realm miogeosynclinal zone miogeosyncline Miohippus mirabilite mirage mire mirror image mirror nephoscope MIscanthus miscibility MIsellina misenite miserite misfit meander misfit river; inadapted river miskeyite mispickel arsenopyrite missing link Mississippian period missourite mist mist droplet mistbow mistral mitgjorn mitre fold; miter fold mitscherlichite mix-crystal; mixed crystal mixed base crude oil mixed cloud mixed cone mixed continental and marine deposit mixed current mixed eruption mixed explosion mixed fossil assemblage mixed gas mixed spring mixed layer mixed nucleus mixed perturbations mixed tide mixed type mixed-layer clay mineral mixed-layer mineral mixer mixing mixing coefficient mixing length mixing of soil mixing ratio mixing rule mixite Mixodectoidea mixolimnion mizzle mizzonite moat moatlike fault moazagotl cloud mobile belt mobility mobility principle mobilization mobilizer Moby Dick ballon mocha stone mock lead; sphalerite; mock ore mock moon mock sun modal variety mode (C.I.P.W.) mode mode of eruption model model crystal moderate breeze moderate gale moderate rain moderate relief moderate sea moderate sea deposit; bathyal deposit moderate structure moderately sorted moderately strong earthquake modern man modification Modiolopsis modlibovite modulation modulator modulus modulus of compression; modulus of compressibility modulus of elasticity modulus of rigidity modumite Moeller chart Moeritherium mofette MOgel-Dellinger effect Moho discontinuity Mohole project Mohoravicic discontinuity; Mohe discontinuity Mohs scale of hardness Moinian system moire pattern mosissanite moist adiabat moist air moist climate moist soil moist subhumid climate moist tongue moist-adiabatic lapse rate moisture adjustment moisture moisture content moisture equivalent moisture index moisture inversion moisture sorption curve moisture stress moisture tension molality molar heat molar volume molarization molasse molasse basin molasse facies molasse type mold; mould mold rains moldavite; moldovite mole mole burrow molecular attraction theory molecular bond molecular compound molecular conduction molecular diffusion molecular formula molecular heat molecular number molecular proportion molecular ray molecular sieving reaction molecular solution molecular stress molecular susceptibilities molecular theory molecular valence angle molecular viscosity molecular weight molecule molengraafite molibdomenite; molybdomenite Moll thermpile mollisol mollition molluss Mollusca Mollweide projection molten magma molten rock molting; ecdysis molybdate molybdenite molybdenum molybdenum deposit molybdenum mineral molybdenum ore molybdenum steel molybdic ocher; molybdite molybdophyllite molybdoscheelite molysite moment moment measure moment of inertia momentum momentum exchange momentum-transport hypothesis monacite; monazite Monactinellida monadnock; restberg monaxial crystal; optic uniaxial crystal monaxon; uniaxial spicule Monaxonida monchiquite mondhaldeite monetite Mongoloid Mongolosauras monimolimnion monimolite monistic theory of solar system Monjurosuchus monmouthite mono-ascendant vein monoaxial interference figure Monobathra monocentric evolution Monoceros; Unicorn monochromatic light monochromatic radiation monochromatic X ray monochromator monochronogenous monoclinal block monoclinal fault monoclinal faulting monoclinal flexure monoclinal fold monoclinal fold scarp monoclinal folded structure monoclinal ridge monoclinal scarp monoclinal shifting monoclinal spring monoclinal stratum monoclinal valley monoclinal warping monocline monoclinic albite monoclinic antihemihedron monoclinic base monoclinic clinoprism monoclinic clinopyramid monoclinic domatic hemihedrism monoclinic fabric monoclinic feldspar monoclinic hemibase monoclinic hemidome monoclinic hemihedral class monoclinic hemimorphic class monoclinic hemimorphic form monoclinic hemimorphic hemihedral class monoclinic hemipinacoid monoclinic hemiprism monoclinic holohedral class monoclinic prism monoclinic prismatic class monoclinic pyramid monoclinic pyroxene monoclinic sphenoidal class monoclinic sulfur monoclinic system monoclinic unit prism monoclinic unit pyramid Monoclonius monocomparator Monocotyledones Monocyatha monocyclic crinoids monocyclic orogenesis monodon monogene rock monogene volcano; monogenetic volcano monogenetic chain monogenetic conglomerate monogenetic peneplain monogenetic soil monogeosyncline monograph Monograptidae Monograptus monolete suture monolith monomict deposit monomict rock monomictic lake monomineralic rock Monomyaria monoparagentsis monophagous monophasic orogenic cycle monophiodont monophyletic theory monophyletic evolution Monophyllites Monoplacophora monosymmetric dispersion monosymmetric dispersion of interference colors monosymmetric faces monosymmetric system Monotremata monotropy monotropic transition monotypic species monotype monovariant system monsoon monsoon climate monsoon current monsoon fog monsoonal rain monsoonal season monsoon-type circulation Mont Blanc ruby montanite montebrasite monteponite montesite Montgomery stream function monticellite monticellite nephelinite monticellite polzenite monticule montmartrite montmorillonite montmorillonite group montmorillonitization montrealite montroseite montroydite monzodiorite monzogabbro monzonic felsite monzonite monzonite yamaskite monzonite-aplite monzonite-porphyry monzonitic texture monzonitic trachydolerite monzosyenite moon moon milk moonbow moonshine moor moor coal moor land moor type mooreite moor-gallop moorpeat mor moraine moraine amphitheater moraine belt moraine hill moraine lake moraine land moraine of advance moraine of recession; moraine of retreat moraine plateau moraine soil moraine terrace moraine-breccia moraine-dammed lake morainic apron morainic dam morainic debris morainic loop morass mordenite morenosite; nickel vitrol morganite morion morning star morning glow Moropus moroxite morphoclimatic classification morphogenesis morphogenetic classification morphogenetic force morphogenetic region morphographic map morphologic geotectonies morphologic province morphological analysis morphological change morphological classification morphological crystallography morphological differentiation morphological properties morphology morphologic species morphometry morphospecies morphostructure morphotectonics morphotroph morphotropy morphology of mineral Morrison Formation mortar [texture] mort lake; ox-bow lake morula stage morvan mosaic mosaic crystal mosaic equilibrium mosaic block mosaic structure mosaic texture mosandrite Mosasaurus Moscovian epoch mosesite mosor moss agate moss peat moss-agate mossite most perfect cleavage mother geosyncline mother liquid; mother liquor mother magma mother rock; parent rock mother stream mother-cloud mother-of-pearl cloud motion Motian age motion of the ground motion of water mass motley coloured mottle mottled sandstone mottling mottramite mould; mold moulin; glacial pothole moulin kame mound mountain mountain arc mountain barometer mountain breeze mountain building mountain chain mountain chernozem mountain chestnut soil mountain climate mountain coast mountain core mountain cork mountain crystal mountain flax mountain fog mountain glacier mountain glacier region mountain gold mountain green mountain group mountain island mountain knot mountain land mountain leather mountain limestone mountain making mountain mass mountain meadow soil mountain milk mountain paper mountain peak mountain peat mountain pitch mountain podzolized soil mountain range mountain ridge mountain root mountain sickness mountain slope mountain soap mountain soil mountain system mountain topography mountain torque mountain tundra mountain valley mountain waste mountain wave mountain wind mountain wood; rock wood mountain-building force; mountain-making force mountain-gap wind mountain-making movement Mousterian culture mouth correction moutonnee movable water movable-scale barometer movement movement picture moveout moving cluster moving fetch moving moraine moya moyite muck muck soil Mucrospirifer mud mud avalanche mud basin mud belt mud cone mud crack mud flat mud flow mud flow hill mud gas mud geyser mud lava mud line mud lump mud maar mud pipe mud pot mud-ridge ripple mark mud shield mudstone mud volcano mud-field mudflow mudflow deposit mudflow hill mudflow levee mudflow of alpine type mudflow of semiarid type mudflow of volcanic type mud-rain mudstone dike mugearite muggy weather mulch mulch structure muldental mull mullicite; vivianite mullion structure mullite multiband camera multiband spectral reconnaissance multicostae multicostellae multigelation multigranular particle multilayered system multi-layers Multilocular Foraminifera multiple alleles multiple batholith multiple beam interferometry multiple bundle diagram multiple currents multiple detectors multiple dike; multiple dyke multiple discharge multiple drift corrections multiple fault multiple film method multiple genes multiple geophone; multiple seismometer multiple glaciation theory multiple halides multiple incursion theory multiple intrusion multiple laccolith multiple layer multiple oxides multiple oxyhalides multiple reflections; repeatedreflection multiple register multiple rotation slip multiple scattering multiple sill multiple star multiple stock multiple stroke multiple sulfides multiple trip echo multiple tropopause multiple twin multiple vent basalt multiple well system multiple working hypothesis multiplex multiplex plotter multiplicity multiplying lever multipolar magnetic region Multithecopora Multituberculata multivariate analysis mummification muniongite Munsell color system Munsell color notation Muntijacus Muon number mural circle mural joint murambite murasakite murbruk muren murgang muriacite; anhedritite muriated spring muriatic acid Muricacea murite murmanite Musca Muschelkalk series Musci muscle scar muscle track muscovadite muscovite muscovite chlorite subfacies muscovite-biotite-granite muscovite-granite muscovite-granite porphyry muscovite-quartz rock muscovite-schist muscovitization muscular tissue musculature mushroom rock; pedestal rock muskeg mustard gold mutation mutation theory mutational effect mutual boundary mutual contact zone mutual precipitation theory mutualism m.y. million year; mega year Mya age mycelium Mycetozoans mycorhiza myelin Myers rating mylonite mylonite-gneiss mylonitic texture mylonitization Myomorpha myophore Myophoria myophragm myostracum Myriapoda Myricaceae myrmekite myrmekitic structure Mysidacea Mystacoceti; Mysticeti Mytilus Myxine Myzostomida n.sp; species novium nacreous cloud nacreous layer; pearly layer nacrite nadel nadir nadir angle nadir line nadir point nadorite naegite; nagite nagatelite nagyagite nailhead spar nail-head striae nakhlite nakrite Nankinella nannofossil; ultramicrofossil nannopalaeontology nannoplankton Nansen bottle Nansen cast Nantanella nantokite naphtha naphthabitumen naphthene base crude [oil] naphthene hydrocarbon naphtholithe Napierian logarithms napoleonite; corsite nappe nappe area nappe outlier nappe structure nappe theory narbonnais narrow narsarsukite nasal bone nascent state nashi nasonite Nassellaria Naticacea Naticopsis native amalgam native antimony native arsenic native asphalt; natural asphalt native bismuth native copper native gold native iridium native iron native lead native sulfur native tellurium natric horizon natroalunite natro-autunite natroborocalcite natrocalcite natrochalcite natrodavynite natrojarosite natrolite; needle zeolite natrolite phonolite natrolite tinguaite natron natron saltpeter natronbiotite natron-catapliite natrophilite; natrophyllite natural arch natural bridge natural classification natural convection natural earth potential natural enemy natural etched-figure natural frequency natural gas natural genera natural geography; physical geography natural glassy rock natural group natural landscape natural lead natural mortality natural oscillation natural period of oscillations natural radioactive decay series natural radioactive element natural radioactivity natural remanent magnetism natural selection natural soil natural solid bitumen natural system natural tunnel natural uranium natural vibration natural water level naturalization naturally occurrence nature coke naujaite naumannite Naumann's symbol nautical almanac nautical astronomy nautical mile nautical system nautical twilight nautilicone Nautiloidea Nautilus Navier-stokes equations navigable semicircle navigation navigational triangle navite Neanderthal man; Homo neanderthalensis Neanderthaloid neanic age Neoanthropic man neap range neap rise neap tide neapite near earthquake; near shock; near-by earthquake nearctic nearctic subregion nearly consumed island nearshore current system nearshore facies nearshore oceanography nebelwind Nebraskan glacial age nebula nebular hypothesis nebular theory nebulium nebulitic gneiss; nebulitigneiss nebulosus nebulous star neck neck channel neck cutoff neck furrow neck mountain neck ring necking necrocoenosis necroplankton nectar Nectridia needle ice needle ironstone needle tin ore needle-diorite needle-leaved evergreen forest needle-leaved tree nefedieffite negative negative absorption negative adsorption negative allometry negative axis negative colloid negative crystal negative electricity negative element negative exfoliation negative eyepiece negative gravitational anomaly negative hemipyramid negative mineral negative movement negative ions negative pole negative pyritohedron negative rain negative strike slip fault negative tetrahedron Negroid Neichia [formation] nekton nektonplanktonic environment nelsonite Nelumbo nema Nemagraptus nemalite Nemathelminthes nematoblastic texture nematocyst nematode Nematograptus Nematophyta nemere Nemertinea nemite Nengnan massif neo-atlantic period Neocalamites Neocathaysian neocolemanite Neocom age Neocormophyta neocrystallization neodarwinism neodymium neoeffusives neoeluvium neogaea Neogastropoda Neogene Neogene period Neogene system neogenic mineral neogeosyncline Neognathae Neohipparion neoichnology neo-lamarckism neolithic age neolithic shoreline neomorphic crystal neomorphism neon neontology Neophylloceras Neoproterozoic era Neornithes Neoschwagerina Neoschwagerininae neosial neosima neosome Neospirifer Neospongophyllum neotantalite neotectonics neoteiny Neotera neotocite Neotremata neotropical region neotype neo-volcanic rock Neozoic era neph chart nephanalysis nephcurve nepheline basanite nepheline melilitite nepheline syenite nepheline teschenite nepheline type nephelinite nephology nephometer nephoscope nephelinite porphyry nephelinitoid phonolite nephelometer nephelite nephrite nephsystem nepouite nepton Neptune neptunian neptunian dike neptunian theory neptunium neptunism neptunist neptunite neritic deposit neritic facies neritic plankton neritic zone neritopelagic environment nervous system nesquehonite nest nest of ore nested amphitheater nested caldera nested crater nested sink net production net displacement net slip netted texture network deposit network of fault network nebula network vein Neubauer-Deger coefficient neural arch Neuroptera Neuropteridium Neuropteris neuston neutral coast neutral equilibrium neutral humus neutral line neutral occlusion neutral oscillation neutral plane neutral point neutral pressure neutral rock neutral salt neutral sand neutral shoreline neutral soil neutral solution neutral stability neutral stress neutral wave neutral zone neutralization neutral-surface fold neutrino neutrino astronomy neutron neutron activation neutron diffraction neutron life time logging neutron logging neutron moisture meter neutron scattering method neutron source neutron star neutron-capture theory neutrosphere nevada Nevadian disturbance nevadite neve-field navel new candle new fold new moon new oceans new paleontology New Red Sandstone New Stone Age new structural beds new systematics newberyite newlandite newly generated fringing reef Newman barometer Newtonian fluid Newtonian friction law Newtonian speed of sound newtonite Newton's friction law Ngandon man Niagaran series niccolite niche nicholas terrace nicholsonite; zincaragonite nickel nickel bloom nickel glance nickel ore nickel ore deposit nickel-asbolance nickel-iron nickeline; nickelite nickel-magnetite; trevorite nickel-pyrite nickel-rich ataxite nicol; Nicol's prism; Nicol prism nicolayite nieve penitente nife; nifesphere nifesphere; nife Niggli-number; Niggli's value night arc night visual range night wind nightglow nigrin; nigrine Nihowan formation niklesite niligongite Nilssonia Nilssoniopteris nimbostratus night-sky luminescence night-sky light nimbus Nimbus satellite nine-light indicator niobite; columbite niobium ore niobophyllite nip nip stage Nipher shield Nippon trend Nipponites Nipponosaurus nirta niter; nitre; nitrokalite niter group nitrate nitrate nitrogen nitratine; nitratite nitric acid nitride nitrification nitrifier nitrite nitrite bacteria nitrobacter nitrobarite; nitrobaryt nitrocalcite nitrogen nitrogen cycle nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixation bacteria nitroglauberite; daraprkite nitromagnesite nitrous oxide nitroscocus nitrosomonas nival regime nivation; snow erosion nivation cirque nivation glacier nivation niche nivenite; uraninite niveolian deposit niveolian loess Nizza Stage noble metal noble opal noble serpentine noble spinel noble tourmaline nocerine; nocerite noctilucent cloud nocturnal animal nodal tide nocturnal radiation nodal zone nodal line node node of the fault nodical month Nodosaria Nodosaurus nodular ore nodule nodule bacteria nogizawalite noise noise level noise spectrum nole NOMAD [buoy] nomenclature nominal diameter nominal freezing point nomogram nomograph nomographic chart non calcareous soil non calcic brown soil non selective diagram non sequence nonaffined deformation nonartesian aquifer non-adiabatic process non-banded coal non-caking coal non-calcareous karsts non-calcic brown soil non-capillary porosity nonclastic sediments non-clay minerals non-coherence non-coherence echo non-coking coal non-conductor non-conformity nonconservation of local mass-energy non-correlative evolution non-crystal body noncrystalline mineral noncyclic denudation noncylindrical fold non detrital mineral non-diastrophic structure non-dispersive waves non-divergence level nonesite nonessential property non-exchangeable cation non-flowing confined water non-fossiliferous limestone non-frontal squall line non-genetic variation non-graded sediments non-harmonic method non-inertial reference frames non-isostatic warping non-lamellar wall non-limited evolution nonlinear nonlinear waves nonluminous detritus nonluminous flame non-marine Ostracoda nonmetal nonmetallic color nonmetallic mineral nonmetallic luster nonmetalliferous ore nonmoving water non-Newtonian fluid nonogesimal point nonperiodic asymmetrical wave nonperiodic variables non-pitted outwash plain nonplane cylindrical fold nonplane fold non-plastic clay non-plunging fold non-polarized light non-saturation zone non-seismic regions nonsequence non-sequent folding non-sex-associated variation nonsorted polygon non-specialized divergence non-spotted schist non-spotted zone non-stratified rock nonsystematic joint non-tangential crossbedding non-tectonic fault nontectonic process nontectonic scarp nontectonic structure nontectonite nontidal current nontronite non-uniform faces nonuniform flow nonuniform pressure non-viscous fluid nonvolcanic eruption noon-mark norbergite nordite nordmarkite nordmarkite aplite nordmarkite minette nordmarkite porphyry nordsjoite Noric age norite bronzitite norite gabbro norite granulite norite pegmatite norite porphyrite norite porphyry norm (C.I.P.W.) norm system Norma (Ruler) normal aeration normal and reverse magnetic stratigraphy normal angle normal anticlinorium normal barometer normal beach normal chart; normal map normal circular distribution normal curve of error normal displacement normal distribution normal distribution curve normal dome normal drag normal epoch normal erosion normal event normal fanshaped fold normal fault normal fold normal fault scarp normal field normal flysh normal force normal functions normal ground water depletion curve normal horizontal separation normal hydrostatic pressure normal law of error normal limb normal line normal moisture capacity normal peneplain normal position normal profile normal salts normal sedimentation normal shift normal soil normal strata normal stratigraphic sequence normal stress normal succession; normal superposition normal throw normal travel-time curve normal twinning normal valley normal velocity normal vibration normal water normal zero normal zoning normality normally consolidated clay normal-plate anemometer normative normative mineral normative quartz normoxid layer nortada norte North Atlantic biogeographical province North Atlantic current North Atlantic oscillation north celestial pole North China block north equatorial current north foehn North Frigid zone North galactic pole north magnetic pole North Pacific central water mass North Pacific current North Pacific intermediate water mass North Pacific oscillation north polar distance north polar sequence north pole north star North-east China block norther northeast storm northeast trades northern hemisphere northern lights northern nanny northfieldite northupite Norwegian school nose of fold nose structure nose whistlers nosean; noselite; nosin; nosite nosean sanidinite nosean tephrite nosean trachyte noseanite; noseanolite noselite basanite noselite melteigite noselite nephelinite nostril nosykombite notch Notharctus Nothasauria Notioprogonia Notochord notogaea notos Notostraca notothyrial notothyrial platform; pseudocruralium notothyrium Notoungulata noumeaite; noumeite; numeite novacekite novaculite novae nubbin nuclear area nuclear basin nuclear burning nuclear collision nuclear explosion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) nuclear magnetism logging nuclear particle track nuclear precession magnetometer nuclear reaction nuclear species; nuclide nuclear stage nucleation nuclei counter nucleic acid nucleic acid metabolism nucleoconch nucleogenesis nucleon nucleosynthesis nucleus nucleus of continent Nuculana Nudibranchia nuevite nugget nullah number system number of formula unit number of rainy day numerical forecasting numerical paleontology numerical scale numerical taxonomy numerical weather prediction Nummulite Nummulitic; paleogene Nummulitic facies Nummulitic limestone Nummulitique Period nunatak nursing ground Nusselt number nussierite nut coal nutation nutrient salts nutrition quotient N-value Nyquist frequency O horizon oasis obconical form obelisk object space angle objective objective grating objective prism oblate ellipsoid oblate spheroid oblateness obligatory aerobes obligatory anaerobes oblique aerial photograph oblique bedding oblique Cartesian coordinates oblique cleat oblique cleavage oblique displacement oblique equidistant cylindrieal projection oblique extinction oblique fault oblique fold oblique girdle oblique incidence oblique joint oblique lamination oblique light oblique visibility oblique visual range oblique mercator map projection oblique profile oblique shock oblique slip fault oblique strike-slip faults oblique valley obliquity of the ecliptic obliterated waterfall Obolacea Obolella Obolus oborite obscuring phenomenon obscuration obsequent fault-line scarp obsequent stream obsequent valley observational day observational error observatory observed profile observer observing tower obsidian obsidianite obstacle scour obstructed extrusion flow obstructed gravity flow obtuse bisectrix obtuse rhombohedron occipital condyle occipital node occipital spine occluded cyclone occluded front occlusion occult mineral occultation occulting light occurence ocean ocean basin; oceanic basin ocean basin floor ocean bottom current ocean bottom relief ocean circulation ocean climate; oceanic climate ocean current ocean deep ocean floor ocean floor basin ocean floor spreading ocean-floor spreading hypothesis ocean ridge ocean station ocean wind ocean-atmosphere interaction ocean-atmosphere momentum transfer oceanic anticyclone oceanic aspect oceanic bank oceanic biology oceanic chemistry oceanic crust oceanic delta oceanic deposit oceanic era oceanic evaporation oceanic expansion oceanic geology oceanic geophysics oceanic hemisphere oceanic high oceanic low oceanic meteorology oceanic ore deposits oceanic period oceanic physics oceanic plankton oceanic plant eon oceanic rise oceanic tholeiite oceanic tide oceanic volcano oceanicity; oceanity Oceanide trend oceanite oceanization oceanographic pattern oceanographic survey oceanography; oceanology oceanoplegic environment ocellar oceller structure oceller texture ocher ochery hematite ochroite ochrolite octaheadral layer octahedrite octahedron octane Octant octant octaxon octocorallia Octopoda Octoseptata ocular ocular plate Ocypoda odinite odograph odometer Odonata Odontoceti Odontognathae odontoid process odontolite Odontophuracea Odontopteris odor oe Oendolongo system oersted offlap offretite offset offset ridge offshoot offshore bar offshore beach offshore beach terrace offshore current offshore deposit offshore drilling offshore reef offshore wind offshore zone ogdohedral class ogdohedron ogdohedry Ohm Ohms law oikocryst oil damping oil field oil field gas oil field water oil immersion oil immersion series oil indication oil reservoir oil pocket oil pool oil reservoir pressure oil sand oil saturation oil seepage oil sheet oil show[ing] oil spring oil well oil zone oil-bearing crushed breccia oil geology oily luster oje-diabase okaite okawaite okenite olafite old karst oldland old mountain old red earth Old Red Sandstone old river old shoreline old stage Old Stone Age old structural beds Old Tertiary old topography old valley Older-Caledonian orogeny older granite older granitoid rock old-from-birth peneplain; primary peneplain Oldhamina oldhamite old volcanic rock olefin hydrocarbons Olenacea Olenellus Oligocene Oligochaeta oligomictic quartz sandstone oligomictic sediments oligonite; oligon spar oligosiderite oligotrophic lake oligotrophic region olistolith olistostrome olivenite olivine olivine basalt olivine diabase olivine diallagite olivine gabbro olivine gabbro pegmatite olivine glimmerite olivine group olivine hauynite olivine pyroxenolite olivine theralite gabbro olivine tholeiite ombrometer ombroscope olivinite olivinophyre ollenite Olynthus Omeishan basalt omission omission solid solution omnipresence of element omnivora Omomys Omoris coefficient Omoris formula omphacite omphacite-eclogite one circle goniometer onegite one-sided valley onkilonite onlap onofrite Onondaga age onshore current on-shore wind onshore winds Ontario Age ontogenesis; ontogeny ontogenetic allometry ontogenetic variation Onychiopsis Onychodactylus Onychopora onyx onyx marble; oriental alabaster oogonium ooide oolite; roe stone oolitic formation oolitic hematite oolitic opal oosite oospore; oval-cell ooze oozuanolite opacite rim opacity opacus opal opal allophane opalescence opalization opalized wood opaque attritus opaque mineral opaquing opdalite open bay open bundle open channel flow open clusters open ditch drainage open fault open fissure open fold open foliation structure open form open joint open system open tube open-pit mining operational meteorology operational weather limit operculate coral Operculina operculum Ophiacodon ophicalcite Ophiceras Ophiderpeton Ophidia Opileta ophiocone ophiolite ophiolitic suite ophite ophitic texture Ophiuchus; Serpent Bearer Ophiuroidea Opiliones opisometer Opisthobranichia opisthocoelous vertebra opisthofica Opisthoparia opposing wind opposition optic angle optic anisotrope optic axial plane optic axial angle optic axis optic biradials optic elastic axis optic isotrope optic normal optic plane optical activity optical anomaly optical axial angle optical axis optical character; optical property optical constant optical density optical depth optical dispersion optical double stars (optical pair) optical haze optical illusion optical magnification optical meteor optical orientation optical path optical phenomena optical registration optical rotary dispersion optical scattering law optical sign optical slant range optical test optical wavelength optically biaxial optically negative crystal optically positive optically uniaxial optics optimum water content oral area oral plate; orals oral surface oraldise orangite orang-outan oraucan orbicular diorite orbicular gabbro orbicular granite orbicular structure orbicule orbiculite orbit orbit number orbital eccentricity orbital element orbital foramen orbital frequency orbital motion orbital path orbital plane orbital velocity orbite Orbitoides ordanchite Order order of crystallization ordinary axis of symmetry ordinary fault rift ordinary lead ordinary light ordinary plane of symmetry ordinary ray ordinary tourmaline ordinary water level ordinary year ordinate Ordos platform Ordos Syneklise Ordosia ordosite ore ore beds ore body ore bringer ore bunch; ore pocket ore carrier ore channel ore chimney; ore pipe ore cluster ore column ore complex ore deposit ore dressing ore formation ore forming element ore-forming fluid ore-forming solution ore magma ore microscope ore microscopy ore mineral ore nest ore peridotite ore pillar ore reserve ore rock ore shale group ore shoot ore skarn ore solution ore stock ore vein ore-bearing area ore-chute Oregonian orendite Oreodont Oreopithecus organ genus organic acid organic acid soil organic belt organic bipolarity organic carbon organic colloid organic cosmochemistry organic deposit organic environment organic geochemistry organic material; organic matter organic mineral soil organic mud organic ooze organic phosphorus organic remains organic rock organic sediment organic soil organic sphere organic-sedimentary ore deposit organogenous sediments organo-sedimentary structure oriental amethyst oriental emerald oriental ruby oriental topaz orientation orientation analysis orientation diagram orientation of crystal oriented absorption oriented lakes oriented pebble orientite orifice origin origin of species original bedding original cleavage original dip original horizontal stratification original interstice original lead original magma original mineral original order original porosity original river original surface oriocrystal Orion Orion nebula Orinoastraea ornamental patterns ornamentation orniteophilous flower Ornithischia Ornitholestes Ornithopoda Ornithorhynchus orocline orogen; orogenic belt orogene; orogenic belt orogenic arc orogenic belt; orogene; orogen orogenic epoch orogenic folding orogenic movement; orogeny orogenic periodicity orogenic phase orogenic polarity orogenic sedimentation orogenic zone orogeosyncline; orthogeosycline orographic cloud orographic fault orographic low orographic occlusion orographic precipitation orographic rain orographic snowline orographic thunderstorm orography orology orometer Orohippus orotectonic line orotvite orpiment orterde Orteshotichia orth-hemipyramid Orthis orthite-gneiss orthoalaskite orthoalkaligneiss orthoandesite; orthopyroxeneandesite ortho-axis Orthoceras orthochem orthochemical limestone orthochlorites orthoclase; orthose; pegmatolite orthoclase-free foyaite orthoclase gabbro orthoclase nepheline syenite orthoclase porphyry orthoclase twin orthoclasite orthocline orthocone orthoconglomerate orthodiagonal orthodolomite orthodome orthodrome orthoeluvium orthofelsite orthoferrosilite orthogenesis orthogneiss orthogonal orthogonal antennas orthogonal curvilinear coordinates orthogonal function orthogonal joint orthogonal thickness orthographic projection Orthograptus Orthorhombic antihemihedron orthokinetic coagulation ortholimestone orthomagmatic deposit orthomagmatic stage orthomelt orthometric height orthomorphic map orthophoto orthophotomap orthophotoscope orthophyre orthophyric texture orthopinacoid orthopinakiolite orthoprism orthopyramid orthopyroxene-andesite; orthoandesite orthoquartzite orthorhombic holohedron orthorhombic fabric orthorhombic system ortho-rocks orthoscope orthoselection ortho-silicic acid orthosite orthosyenite orthotarantulite orthotectic deposit orthotectonics orthotrachyte ortlerite ortstein; hardpan orvietite Orycteropus oryctocoenose oryctology Osagian age osbornite oscillation oscillation ripple mark oscillation theory oscillation volume oscillator oscillatory combination oscillatory movement oscillatory twin oscillatory wave oscillograph; oscilloscope osculating orbit osculation oserskite osirita oslporphyry osmiridium osmium osmotic equilibrium osmotic potential osmotic pressure osmotic water Osmunda Osos osseous tissue; bone tissue; bony tissue ossification ossipite; ossipyte Osteichthyes osteogenesis Osteolepis osteolite Osteostraci ostium (sulcus) Ostracoda Ostracodermi ostracum ostraite Ostria otarite Othoptera Otoceras otolith Otozamites ottejanite ottrelite ottrelite-phyllite ottrelite-schist Ouachita geosyncline ouachitite ouari ouenite outcrop outer arc outer atmosphere outer core outer earthquake zone outer flame outer hinge plate outer lamella outer layer outer ligament outer lip outer orientation outer planet outer product outer ridge outer shell electron outer shell layer outer sublittoral zone outer tectorium outgassing outlet outlet glacier outo outotheca outwash; out wash plain outwashfan outwash gravel outwash plain; outwash outwash plain shoreline ouvala; uvala ouvarovite ovary oven-dry soil overbank deposits overbank flood overburden overburden pressure over cast overconsolidated clay overcooling overdeepening overdraft overfalls over-fault overfit river overflow overflow channel overflow deposits overflow spring overflow weir overfold overfolding overgrazing overgrowth overhanging form overite overland flow overlap overlap trap overlap fault overlie overliming overloading overlying strata overridden mass oversaturated rocks overseeding oversteepening overstep overthrust overthrust block overthrust fault overthrust mass overthrust plane overthrust sheet overthrust side overthrust stike-slip fault overthrust mountain overtide overturn of strata overturned anticline overturned fold overturned thrust plane ovicell ovis Ovocystis owenite Owenites owens dust recorder owharoite oxalite oxammite oxbow lake Oxfordian age oxiacalcite oxidapatite oxidate oxidation oxidation reduction potential oxidation subsidence oxidation zone; oxidized zone oxidation-reduction potential oxides oxidized ore oxidized ore zone oxidizing flame oxisol Oxyaena oxybasiophitic texture oxychildrenite oxygen oxygen isotope oxygen partial pressure oxygen ratio oxygen zoning oxygenated water oxygen-isotope method oxyhalides oxyhornblende oxymagnetite; oxymagnite oxyophitic texture oxyphile element oxyphyre oxysulfides Oyashio oyster reefs Ozawainella ozocerite; ozokerite ozokerite; ozocerite ozone ozonosphere P belt P.D.R; precision depth recorder P layer P* layer Pn layer P wave; Primary Wave p* wave p wave PH PH concentration PH value P-P boundary Pace length pachnolite Pachyodont Pachyodonta Pacific Coast Geosyncline Pacific-type coastline Pacific High Pacific maritime airmass Pacific moon-birth theory Pacific movement Pacific oceanic block Pacific orogeny Pacific sub-arctic water mass Pacific suite Pacific tectonic movement Pacific type orogeny pacing pack ice pack ice zone packed water body paddy soil paddy terrace paddle wheel current meter paedomorphosis paesa paesano page stone Pagiophyllum Pagoda limestone pagoda stone pagodite pagoscope paha hill paint pot painter Painter's Easel; Pictor pair bond paired river terrace paired structure paisanite paisbergite (rhodonite) palacanticline Palaeo-(Paleo-) palaeanthropic man stage palaeoanthropology palaeoarctic region palaeobathymetric map palaeobiochemistry palaeobiogeography palaeobiology palaeobiophysics palaeobios palaeobotany; palaeophytology palaeocarpology Palaeocathaysia Palaeo-Caucasia Palaeocene; Paleocene palaeoclimatology Palaeoconcha palaeocoprology Palaeocormophyta palaeocrystic ice palaeocurrent palaeodonta palaeoecological picture palaeoecology palaeoeffusives palaeogeographic map palaeogeography palaeogeology palaeogeomagnetic dating method palaeogeomagnetism Palaeognathae palaeohistology palaeohydrology palaeoichnology; palichnology palaeoinvertebrates Palaeolithic age Palaeoloxodon palaeomagnetism Palaeomastodon Palaeomicroanimal palaeoniscoidea Palaeoniscus Palaeonodonta palaeontological facies palaeontology palaeopathology Palaeophyllum paleophyre palaeophyrite palaeophyte palaeopicrite Palaeoptera palaeosedimentology Palaeosmilia Palaeospondyloidea Palaeospondylus Palaeostrophia Palaeosyops palaeotaxiology Palaeotherium Palaeotremata palaeotypal rock palaeovertebrates palaeovolcanic rock Palaeozoic Palaeozoic era Palaeozoic fold belt Palaeozoic group palaeozoology palagonite palagonite-tuff palaite palatal fold palatine palatinite palato-quadrate palea Palenthropic man Paleo-(Palaeo-) paleoarctic region paleobiogeochemistry paleoclimate paleocurrent ripple Paleogene Paleogene Period paleogeomorphology paleolimnology paleomagnetism paleopedology Paleophytic era Paleoproterozoic paleosalinity paleosol paleospecies paleotectonic map paleotectonics paleotemperature paleotopographic map paleotopography paleotropical region paleotropical-tertiary geoflora paleowind paleozome palimpsest drainage palimpsest structure palingenesis palingenetic granite palingenetic petrographic province palinspastic [base] map palintectic earthquake palintrope Palisade disturbance palite palladium gold pallasite palliae sinus palm Palmae Palmen's model palmierite palm-like lobe Palmophyllum Palmoxylon palouser palpebral furrow palsen paltolimnology paludal area; swamp area palygorskite palynology pampero pan pan formation pan coefficient panabase; gray copper ore panallotriomorphic texture panamic region pan-cake ice; pan-ice panchromatic film pandermite panel diagram; panel fence diagram panfan pan-fan stage pangaea pangenesis theory pan-geosyncline panidiomorphic texture panidiomorphic granular texture panmixia panning pannus panorama panplain panplanation panplane pantectogenesis pantellerite Pantodenta pantograph Pantolambda Pantotheria Paoteh age papagayo paper clay paper coal paper hygrometer paper mulch paper shale paper spar papilla papillose para-ripple parabasal plate parabasalt parabauxite parabolic dune parabolic mirror parabolic orbit parabolic velocity paraboloid parabraunerde parabutlerite paracancrinite paracelsian Paraceratites parachomata parachronism parachute radiosonde paracone paraconformity paraconglomerate paraconid paracoquimbite paracrystal paracrystalline deformation paradoxide paraffin[e] [wax] paraffin base crude [oil] paraffinhydrocarbon paraffin method parafoveal vision Parafusulina paragearksutite paragenesis paragenesis diagram paragenetic twin paragenic relation parageosyncline paragneiss paragonite paragonite-schist paraguanajuatite parahilgardite Parahippus parahopeite parajamesonite paraklippe paralaurionite paralectotype paraliageosyncline paralic coal paralic sedimentation paralic swamp paralic wedge parallactic angle parallactic ellipse parallactic motion parallax parallax bar parallel parallel banded structure parallel cleavage parallel dike swarm parallel displacement parallel drainage parallel evolution parallel extinction parallel fault parallel fold parallel growth parallel heave parallel homeomorphy parallel linear texture; simple linear texture parallel migration parallel pattern parallel planar texture; simple planar texture parallel replaced lode parallel retreat parallel separation Parallel shot parallel sphere parallel throw parallel twinning parallel unconformity parallel vein parallels of altitude parallels of declination parallels of latitude parallel-axial intergrowth parallel-axial twin parallelism parallelogram paraluminite paramagnetic body paramagnetic substance paramagnetism paramelaconite parameter parameter-ratio parametral plane paramorph paramorphism parankerite paranthelion Paranthropus parapatry paraphore paraplatform paraplicate Parapsida para-rock paraschist paraschoepite Paraschwagerina paraselene paraselenic circle parasepiolite parasidan type of skull parasitic cone parasitic crater parasitic fold parasitic volcano parasitism parasphenoid bone parasulcate parasymplesite parataxa paratectonic crystallization paratellurite paratenorite para-Tertiary; sub-Tertiary para-time-rock unit paratype para-unconformity parautochthon parautochthonous granite paravivianite parawollastonite parcel method parchettite Pareiosauria Pareiosaurus parent element parent material parental magma parhelia parhelic circle parhelion parichnos parietal; parietal bone parietal callus parietal fold parietal organ parisite parna Paromomys paroxysm; paroxism paroxysmal stage paroxysmalism parry; perry; pirry parry arcs parsec parsettensite parsonsite partial correlation partial derivative partial drought partial-duration series partial eclipse partial girdle partial magma partial melting partial obscuration partial pressure partial sterilization partial tide particle particle density particle derivative particle velocity particle radiation particle shape particle sink particle size particle size analysis particle-size distribution particle-size weight frequency particulate inheritance parting parting ball structure parting lineation parting plane partition partition process partly cloudy partschinite parvafacies parvicostellae Pasadenian pascoite pass passauite; porcellanite Passeriformes passing shower passive earth pressure passive fabric element passive fold passive front passive injection passive permafrost passive satellite passive-flow folding passive-slip folding pastagram patch patch reef patelliform pateraite Paterina paterinacea paternoite; kaliborite; heintzite; hintzeite paternoster lakes path difference path line path loss path of seismic waves patina patinoite patrinite patrogony patronite pattern shooting patterned ground paucicostae paucicostellae paucilithionite Pauli exclusion principle Pauli system paulopost Paurorhyncha pavement gravel Pavo; Peacock pawdite pay gravel pay ore pay rock pay streak payload P-E index P-E ratio pea iron ore peacock copper [ore] peak peak gust peak power pearceite pearl diabase; variolite pearl lightning pearl opal pearl sinter pearl spar pearlite; perlite pearlitic texture pearlitic structure pearly layer; necreous layer pearly luster pear-shaped earth pea-soup fog peastone peat peat bed peat bog; peat moor peat hummock peat land peat marl peat recurrence horizon peat soil peaty clay peaty podzol pebble pebble armor pebble dike pebble soil pebble tool pebbly mudstone pebbly sandstone pebbly structure Peclet number Pecopteris Pecora Pecten Pectinidae pectolite pectoral fin peculiar motion pedalfer pedical class pedical valve; ventral valve pedicel pedicellaria pedicle pedicle area pedicle collist pedicle collar pedicle foramen; pedical opening pediment pediment gap pediment pass Pedimentation pedion pedionite pediplain pediplanation pediplane pedocal pedogenesis pedogenic process pedogeography; soil geography pedology pedometer pedrosite peel thrust peel transfer technique peeling peel-off time peel sight peesash peg structure peesweep storm peganite; variscite Pegasus; Winged Horse pegmatite pegmatitic dike rock pegmatitic granite pegmatitic marginal zones pegmatitic phase pegmatitic structure pegmatoid pegmatophyre pegmatophyric texture Peitai age Peking Man; Sinanthropus pekinensis; Homo pekinensis pelagic biogeochemistry pelagic clay pelagic environment pelagic facies pelagic foraminifera pelagic organisms pelagic veneer pelagic zone pelagite pelcid layer Pelecaniformes Pelecypoda; Bivalvia peleeite Pelee-type eruption Pelham Bay Emergence pelite; pelyte pelite-gneiss pelitic interval pelitic schist pelitic tuff pellet structure pellicular water pell-mell structure pellucidity Pelmatozoa pelosiderite pelvic girdle Pelycosauria Pelycosauria pencatite Penchi series Penchioceras pencil cleavage pencil structure pencil-ore pencil-stone pendant cloud pendent pendular water pendulation theory pendulum pendulum day pendulum mass pendulum method penecontemporaneous metamorphism penecontemporaneous structure peneite peneplain; peneplane peneplain deposit peneplain remnant peneplain stage peneplanation peneseismic country; peneseismic region penetrability penetrating fluid penetrating radiation penetration range penetration resistance penetrative structure penetrometer penfieldite penikkavaarite peninsula Peninsular gneiss penitent ice penitent snow Penjyong platform penknife ice pennant pennine; penninite Pennsylvanian Period Pentacrinoid stage Pentacrinus pentad pentagonal hemihedrism pentagonal hemihedry pentagonal icositetrahedron pentagonal-dodecahedron pentahydroborite Pentalophodon Pentameracea pentamerism Pentamerus Pentaphyllum pentlandite Pentoxyleae Pentoxylon penumbra peperino pepino hill peptization peptizing agent peracidite peralboranite peralkaline peralkaline rock peraluminous rock percentage hypsometric curve percentage lithofacies map percentage log percentage method percentage method for correlation perched aquifer perched block perched syncline; synclinal ridge perched water perched water table percolating water percolation percolation radio percrystalline rock (C.I.P.W) percrystallization percussion percussion figure percussion mark percylite pereletok perennial river perennial spring perennial stream perennially frozen ground perfect cleavage perfect fluid perfect gas perfect-gas law perfect radiator perfectly diffuse radiator perfectly diffuse reflector perfelic rock (C.I.P.W) perfelsic rock (C.I.P.W) perfemane rock (C.I.P.W) perfemic rock (C.I.P.W) perforation deposit perforate Perforate Foraminifera perforating algae perforation pergelation pergelisol perhumid climatic type perhyaline rock (C.I.P.W) periastron pericenter periclase; periclasite periclinal bedding periclinal structure pericline pericline twin(ning) peridot peridotite peridotite hornblendite peridotite-pegmatite perigean tide perigee Perigeyerella periglacial climate periglacial landforms periglacial phenomena periglacial region perihelion perihelion distance perijovian perimagmatic deposit period period of diastrophism period of folding period of half decay period of oscillation period of vibration; period of wave periodic asymmetrical wave periodic comets periodic current periodic law of chemical elements periodic perturbations periodic precipitation periodic spring periodic symmetrical wave periodic system periodic table analysis periodic variation periodic volcano periodic wind period-luminosity curve periodogram periostracum periotic bone peripediment peripheral arch peripheral conglomerate peripheral fault peripheral increase peripheral isolate peripheral isostatic area peripheral lowland peripheral magmareservoir peripheral moraine peripheral trench periphery inclusion periproct perisarc Perischoechinoidea Perisphinctes Perissodactyla peristerite peristomal gill peristome peritectic point perknite perlitic structure perlitic texture perlucidus permafic rock (C.I.P.W) permafrost [layer] permafrost island permafrost table permanence of ocean [hypothesis] permanence of the landscape permanence of continents [hypothesis] permanent anticyclone permanent aurora permanent base level permanent current permanent deformation permanent depression permanent echo permanent eruption permanent gas permanent high permanent magnetic field permanent magnetism permanent magnetization permanent negative charge permanent set permanent snow permanent snowline permanent strain permanent stream permanent wave permanent wind permanently frozen ground permeability permeability test permeability trap permeable permeable bed; permeable stratum; permeable layer permeable rock permeable structure permeameter permeation permesothgrid Permian period Permian system Permo Carboniferous period Permo Carboniferous system Permo-Carboniferous Permo-Carboniferous ice age perofskite; perovskite peroikic rock (C.I.P.W) Peron Submergence perpatic rock (C.I.P.W) perpendicular displacement perpendicular heave perpendicular incidence perpendicular separation perpendicular slip perpendicular throw perpetual frost climate perplexite Perprolate perquaric rock (C.I.P.W) perrierite persalane rock (C.I.P.W) persalic (C.I.P.W) persalane rock (C.I.P.W) Perseids Persemic rock (C.I.P.W) Pers sunshine recorder Perseus persilicic rock persistence persistence forecast persistence oscillation persistent existence persistent form persistent fossil persistent mineral personal equation perspective projection perspective representation perthite perthite pyroxenite perthite syenite perthitic structure perthitophyre perthosite perturbation perturbation equation perturbation method perturbation motion perturbation quantity perturbation theory Peru current Peru-Bolivia Volcanic Zone pervious bed; pervious layer pervious rock perxenic rock peshash petal petalite Petalodus petaloid ambulacra Petalolithus petit St. Bernard Petraia petrifaction petrifaction structure petrified forest petrified log; petrified wood Petrmyzon petro-bitumen petrochemistry petrofabrics petrofabric analysis petrofabric diagram petrogen petrogenesis; petrogeny petrogenetic element petrographic classification petrographic microscope petrographic profile petrographic province; petrographical province petrographical facies petrography petrolatum petroleum petroleum geology petrology petrophysics petrosilex petrotectonics petzite peunantite Pfalzian movement phaceloid coral phacelite; phacellite PF curve PF value phacoidal structure phacolite phacolith Phaeodaria Phaeophyceae; brown algae Phaeophyta Phaeopidacea phalanx phaneric texture phanerite; phaneromere phanerocrystalline bomb phanerocrystalline variety phanerocrystalline-adiagnostic texture phanerogamae Phanerozoic eon phanoclastic rock phantom horizon pharmacolite pharmacosiderite pharyngeal jaws phase phase age (of tide) phase angle phase boundary phase change; phase transformation phase contrast microscope phase delay phase diagram phase distortion phase equilibrium phase front phase inversion phase modulation phase of folding phase of moon phase of orogeny phase rule phase shift phase speed phase transition phase velocity Phasianus Phaulactis Pheldopteris phenacite; phenakite Phenacodus phenakite type phenetic classification phenetic taxonomy phengite phenicochroite phenocopy phenocryst; phenocrystal phenogram phenology phenotype phenotypic selection phermitocorundum phermitospinel phi grade scale; phi scale phi mean diameter phi median diameter phi standard deviation phi unit philippinite Philip ionization gauge Phillipsastraea Phillipsia phillipsite phillipsite tephrite phlebite phloem phlogopite Phobos phoenicite; phoenicochroite Phoenicopsis Phoenix pholerite pholidolite Pholidota phonolite basalt phonolite obsidian phonolite trachyte phonolite tuff Phorohacos phosgenite phosphate phosphate fixation phosphatic nodule phosphate rock; phosphorite phosphate-absorption coefficient phosphatic sediment phosphatization phosphochalcite; phosphorochalcite phosphophyllite phosphorescence phosphoric acid phosphorite; phosphate rock phosphorite-sandstone phosphormimetesite phosphuranylite phosphous phot photicite photoautotrophism photo cell; photoelectric cell photochemical equilibrium photochemical reaction photochemical theory photochemistry photoconductive cell photodissociation photoelastic model photoelectric effect photoelectric photometer photoelectric photometry photoelectric transmittance meter photoelectron photofission photogalvanometric registration photogeology photogrammetry photographic absolute magnitude photographic albedo photographic barograph photographic lithography photographic magnitude photographic photometry photographic sunshine recorder photographic telescope photoionization photolysis photometeor photometer photometric catalogue photometric property photometric scale photometry photomicrograph photon photon flux photo-neutrino process photonitrification photo-oxidation photophosphorylation photopolarimeter photosphere photosynthesis photosynthesis zone; photosynthetic zone phototaxis photo-visual magnitude Phragmoceras phragmocone phreatic aquifer phreatic diatreme phreatic eruption phreatic explosion phreatic gas phreatic surface phreatic water phreatic zone phreatomagmatic eruption phreatomagmatic explosion phreatophyte phtanite; phthanite phycoerythrin phylactolaemata phylembryogenetsis phyletic evolution phyletic speciation phyllite phyllite slate phyllites phyllocarida phylloceras phylloceratina phyllograptus phylloid phylloid algae phyllonite phyllosilicate phyllospermae phyllotheca phyllum phylogenesis; phylogeny phylogenetic allometry phylogenetic classification phylogenetic systematics phylogenetic tree physeter physical absorption physical chemistry physical climate physical climatology physical constants physical forecasting physical geodesy physical geology physical hydrodynamics physical meteorology physical mineralogy physical oceanography physical pseudomorph physical weathering physiognomie physiographic geology physiographic province; physiographic division physiographic unit physiography phytal system phytobenthos phytoclimatology phytogen[et]ic soil phytogenic rock phytogeography (plant geography) phytolith phytometer phytonomorphia phytopaleontology phytophaga phytophagous animal phytoplankton phytosaurus piano piauzite pibal Picea Piceoxylon Pich'e evaporimeter picite pickeringite picotite picrite picrite-basalt picrite-porphyrite picrite-porphyry picorochromite picroepidote picroilmenite picrolite picromerite picropharmacolite picrophengite picrosmine picrotephroite pictomap picture control point piecemeal stoping piedmont alluvial plain piedmont belt piedmont benchland; piedmonttreppe piedmont bulb piedmont depression piedmont fringe piedmont glacier piedmont lake piedmont lowland piedmont orogeny piedmont plain piedmont plateau piedmont scarp pie[d]montite pie[d]montite-schist pienaarite piercement core piercement trap piercing folding; piercement folding piezocrescence piezocrystallization piezoelectric coefficient piezoelectric modulus piezoelectric oscillator piezoelectricity piezoelectricity effect piezo-metamorphism piezometer piezometric head piezometric level piezometric surface pigeonite-augitite pigeonite pigmentation rule pikeite pilandite pilarite pilbarite pilite pilite minette pilite vogesite pillar pillow breccia pillow lava pillow structure pilmer Piloceras Pilophyllum Pilosa pilot balloon pilot balloon theodolite pilot briefing pilot chart pilot report pilot streamer pilotaxitic texture pimelite pimple plain pinaciolite; pinakiolite pinacoid; pinacoidal face pinacoidal class Pinacosaurus pinch pinch-and-swell structure pinch-out trap pinched fold pineal foramen pine-forest stone piner pink snow ping pinghsiang movement pinite pinite-porphyry pinitoid pinna pinnacle pinnacle reef pinnate drainage pinnate joint pinnate shear joints pinnate tension joints pinnate venation pinnipedia pinnoite pinnula pinolite Pinus Pinus massoniana Pinuxylon pip pipe pipe dredge pipe flow pipe ore body pipe rock pipe vein piperno pipestone pipette pipette method (pipette analysis) piping pipkrake piracy (of rivers) pirate river pirssonite Pirus pisachee pisanite Pisces Pisces (Fishes) Pisces Australis (Southern Fish) Pisolina pisolite pisolitic limestone pisolitic limonite pisolitic structure pisolitic texture pissophane; pissophanite pistil pisto mesite piston corer pit pit and mound structure pit crater; volcanic sink pit fault pitch pitch angle pitch coal pitch luster pitchblende pitching anticline pitchstone pitchstone porphyry pitchy iron ore pitchy limonite pith pith ray Pithecanthropus erectus; Homo ereatus Pithecanthropus officialis; Homo officials Pitot tube Pitot-tube anemometer pitted outwash plain pitted plain pitted surface pitticite; pittizite Pityoxylon pivot pivotal axis pivotal fault placanticline placenta Placentalia placer placer deposit placer gold placer platinum Placodermi Placodontia Placodus placoid scale placosyncline plages plagiaplite plagifoyaitarkite plagihedral hemihedry plagiocitrite plagioclase plagioclase granite plagioclase rhyolite plagioclase-actinolite facies plagioclase-gneiss plagioclasite anorthosite plagiohedral class plagioliparite plagionite plagiopegmatite plagiophyre plagiotrachyte Plaice plain plain denudation plain of erosion plain of marine denudation plain of subaerial denudation plain region plains type fold Plaisancian age plaiting surface plan planar bedding structure planar element planar flow structure planar gliding planar projection planar structure planar translation planar type planarea planation planation surface plancheite Plancks constant plane plane angle plane atmospheric wave plane coordinates plane correction plane deformation plane fault plane fold plane lattice plane probe plane of composition plane of deflation plane of denudation plane of fracture plane of isostatic compensation plane of lateral corrasion plane of optic axes plane of stratification plane of symmetry plane of the ecliptic plane of the sky plane of unconformity plane of weakness plane of polarization plane source plane strain plane surveying plane table equipment plane table surveying plane wave plane-dendritic crystal planeless fault planerite planet planet symbol planetarium planetary aberration planetary atmosphere planetary boundary layer planetary circulation planetary dynamics planetary evolution planetary heat source planetary interior planetary interval planetary monsoon planetary motion planetary nebula planetary orbit planetary orbital data planetary perturbation planetary precession planetary radiation planetary rotation planetary rotation rate planetary satellite planetary system planetary vorticity effect planetary wave planetary wind planetesimal planetesimal hypothesis planetoid planimeter planimetric map planispiral plank check dam plankton plankton net planktonic foraminferas planktonic species plannar water planophyre planophyric texture planosols planospiral shell plano-conformity plano-convex form planparallel structure plant climatology plant community plant food; plant nutrient plant geography; phytogeography plant nutrition plant residue plant tissue test plantigrade planting season plantopal plasma plasma flow plasma trough plasmapause plasmasphere Plasmophyllum plaster of paris plastic clay plastic deformation plastic flow plastic index; plasticity index plastic limit plastic metamorphism plastic state plastic strain plastic surge plastic zone plastically deformed deposit plasticity plasticity chart plasticity constant plasticity number plasticity range plastid plastogamy plastometer plastron Platanus plate plate anemometer plate count plate crystal plate ice plate movement plate tectonics plate of calyx plateau plateau basalt plateau glacier plateau High plateau lake plateau station Plateosaurus platform platform reef platform region platform structural bed platiniridium platiniridita platinum platinum group element platinum ore platinum placer platinum-iridium meter bar plattnerite platy joint; tabular joint platy limestone platy structure Platybelodon platycoelous vertebra platyhelminthes platykurtic platy kurtosis platynite platyorthis Platyrrhini Platysomus Platyspirifer Platyventroceras plauenite play of color playa play-back plazolity; hydrogrossular Plectospirifer Pleiades pleion pleiotropism; pleiotropy Pleistocene Pleistocene ice age Pleistocene sea level pleistoseismic zone Plectroceras Plectronoceratidea Plesiosaurus pleochroic halo pleochroism; polychroism pleomorphism pleonaste pleonectite Pleospongia Plerophyllum Plesiadapis Plesiochelys plesiomorphes plesiotype plessite pleura pleuracanthodii Pleuracanthus pleural furrow pleural lobe pleural spine pleurocentra Pleurocoela Pleurodira Pleurodium pleurodont Pleurograptus Pleuronautilus Pleurosaurus pleuston plica plicated layer Plicatifera plication Plinian-type eruption Plio-Pleistocene Pliocene Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary Pliohippus pliomagmatic zone pliopithecus plombierite plouazaou ploughing season plow layer plow sole plow wind plowshares plucking; quarrying plug plug dome plum rain plumb [bob] plumb line plumb line deviation plumbaginous schist plumbago plumballophane plumbocalcite plumbocolumbite; plumbonoibite plumbocuprite plumboferrite plumbogummite plumbojarosite plumbosynadelphite plummule plumose structure plunge pool plunging breaker plunging syncline plurality of worlds plurifacial metamorphism plus mineral plush copper ore Pluto pluton plutonic activity plutonic association plutonic breccia plutonic cognate ejecta plutonic cupola plutonic earthquake plutonic emanation plutonic injection plutonic intrusion plutonic metamorphism plutonic mineral plutonic plug plutonic rock; hypogene rock (plutonite) plutonicity plutonism plutonium pluvial age pluvial lake pluvial regime pluvial stage pluviograph pluviometer pluviometric coefficient pluviometric quotient pluvionivation pneumatic method pneumatogenic enclosure pneumatogenic mineral pneumato hydatogenesis pneumatolysis pneumatolytic deposit pneumatolytic metasomatism pneumatolytic mineral pneumatolytic stage pneumotectic process; pneumototectic pocket pocket anemometer pocket aspiration psychrometer pocket beach podocarpus Podokesaurus podolite Podozamites podzol podzolic soils podzolisation; podzolization Poebrotherium poechore pogonip poecilitic; poicilitic; poikilitic poikilitic; poicilitic-texture; poecilitic texture poidilobastic texture poikilophitic texture poikilosmotic character poikilotherm Poincare figure point bar point bar deposit point density point discharge point group point mutation point of support point of suspension point rainfall point row point source point system point target pointer Pointers poise poised stream Poiseuille flow Poiseuille-Hagen law poison valley poison wind Poisson's equation polanke polar air mass polar air mass climate polar angle polar anticyclone polar areas polar axis polar bond polar cap polar circle polar climate polar continental air mass polar compound polar coordinates polar glacier polar high polar ice polar crystal polar current polar cyclone polar desert polar easterlies polar flattening polar front polar lake polar low polar magnetic storm polar meteorology polar migration polar motion polar night polar night jet stream polar outbreak polar precession cycle polar projection polar radius polar region polar screen polar season polar sequence polar shift polar solid angle polar star; polaris polar stereographic projection polar symmetry polar topographic coincidence polar trough polar vortex polar wandering polar westerlies polar wind divide polar year polar-cap ice polar-front jet stream polar-front theory polariscope polarity polarity reversal polarizability polarization polarization angle polarization effect polarization microscope; polarizing microscope polarization of light polarization plane polarized light polarizer polarography polaroid polder (land) pole pole diagram pole tide pole type bruch dam pole-dipole method; three electrode method pole-fleeing force pole-star recorder polygraph poles of equator poles of inaccessibility poles of rotation poles of ecliptic polianite polished section polished surface polishing polishing hardness polishing scratch polje polje lake pollen pollen analysis pollen chamber pollen diagram pollen grain pollen sac pollen spectra pollen stratigraphy pollen symbol pollen tube pollenite pollucite; pollux pollutant pollution polonium polonium 210 decay method polyadelphite polyargite polyargyrite polyarsenite poly-ascendant vein polyaugites polyaxial fold polyaxon polybasite polycentric evolution polychaeta polyclimatic relic polyclinal fold polyconic projection polycrase; polycrasite polycyclic orogenesis Polydiexodina polydymite polygamous animal polygenes polygenetic chain polygene[tic] conglomerate; polygenic conglomerate; polygenous conglomerate polygene[tic] eruption polygene[tic] soil polygene[tic] volcano polygeosyncline; schuchert Polygnathidae polygonal ground polygonal soil crack polyhalite polyhedric projection polylithionates polylithionite polymer polymere polymere rock polymerization polymetamorphic deposit polymetamorphic rock polymetamorphism polymeter polymict polymictic lake polymignite polymodal distribution polymorph polymorphic species polymorphism polyneutron fission theory polynya polyoxibiotic polypoid form polyparagenetic minerals polyphagous polyphasic allometry polyphasic orogenic cycle polyphyletic evolution polyphyly polypite polyploid Polyprotodontia polysilicates polysphaerite polysynthetic crystal polysynthetic glacier polysynthetic twin Polytcoelia Polythecalis polytropic atmosphere polytropic process polytype polytypic species polyxene (platinum) polyzoa; Bryozoa polzenite pond pondage ponente Pongidae poniente ponite Pontian age pontias ponzaite; ponzite; ponza-trachyte pool poonahlite poor lime poor ore poor visibility Poorga poorly sorted sediments popogaio population population concept population dynamics population genetics population size Populus Porambonites porcelain porcelain clay porcelain crucible porcelain dish porcelain jasper porcelaneous layer porcelaneous test porcelanite porcellaneous serpentine; porcellophite pore pore canal pore fluid; pore solution pore size distribution pore space pore water pore-rhomb; rhombic pore poriaz Porifera; Spongia Porlezzina porodite porosity porous layer porous limestone porous structure porpecite; porpezite porphyrite porphyritic crystal porphyritic diorite porphyritic granite porphyritic microgranite porphyritic rhyolite porphyritic schist porphyritic texture porphyroblast porphyroblastic texture porphyroblastic schist porphyroclast porphyroclastic texture porphyro-granulitic texture porphyroid porphyry porphyry copper [deposits] Porpites portable cup anemometer Portlandian age portlandite porto marble position position angle position circle position vector position-filar micrometer positive allometry positive area positive axis positive colloid positive crystal positive element positive elongation positive eyepiece positive hemipyramid positive ions positive movement positive pyritohedron positive rain positive shelf positive strike-slip fault positive tetrahedron positron possible error possible reserve possible sunshine hours post igneous action post-adaptation post-axial region post-caldera cone Post caledonian regeneration Post cambrian strata post-cranial skeleton post-crystalline deformation post-frontal fog posterior adductor muscle scar posterior chordate posterior end posterior lobe posterior spine posterior sulcus postfrontal post-geosynclinal epoch Postglacial age postglacial isostatic rebound post glacial transgression posthumous movement posthumous relief post-igneous action postkinematic stage postkinematic magmatism postmagmatic stage postorbital postorogenic basin postorogenic stage postplatform activization Post-pliocene postsplenial post-tectonic crystallization post-tectonic plutonism Postvariscan regeneration post-volcanic action pot-clay pot experiment potamogenic deposit potamology potamo-plankton potash alum; potassalumite potash feldspar; potassium feldspar potash harmotome potash mica; potassium minerals potash rhyolite potash series potash-jarosite potash-liparite potassic shale potassium potassium 40-argon 40 dating potassium-argon dating method potassium cryolite potassium fixation potassium mica potassium minerals; potash minerals potassium-supplying power potential acidity potential density potential difference potential-drop ratio method potential energy potential evaporation potential evaportranspiration potential gradient potential head potential index of refraction potential instability potential volume potential vorticity potentiometer pothole potometer Potsdamian Epoch potstone Pottsville age poudrin poverty adjustment powder method powder snow powder x-ray diffractometer powdery avalanche powdery structure powellite power power density power density spectrum power of magnification power series power source power spectrum analysis Poyang glaciation Poynting-Robertson effect pozzuolan[a] pozzuolite ppb ppm practical astronomy praearticulare praeopercular; preopercular praerosion face; praerosion plane prairie prairie mound prairie soil Prandtl number Puandtl-Gauret rule Praseodymium praseolite; prasiolite prasine prasinite prasinite facies Pratt isostasy pre-adaptation Preangiosperm pre-boreal age Pre-Cambrian; Precambrian Precambrian ice age precambrian period precambrian shield precambrian strata preceramic age precession precious metal precious opal precious stone precipice precipitable water precipitate precipitation precipitation intensity precipitation method precision precision depth recorder; P.D.R preconsolidation load precrystalline deformation predatory stream; capturing stream predazzite predentary bone prediction of eruption predissociation preferred orientation prefilter preformation theory prefrontal pre-glabellar field pre-geosynclinal structural beds preglacial drainage Preglacial Pleistocene preglacial valley pre-gosau folding prehistoric age prehistoric world prehistory Pre-hominian prehnite prehnite-pumpellyite metagreywacke facies preliminaries; preliminary tremor preliminary wave; P wave preliminary phase preliminary portion premaxillary bone Pre-Moinian age premolar premonitory symptom preopercular; praeopercular preorogenic magmatism preorogenic stage preparate; thin section Prephanerogam prepollen Presapiens present period preserve preshadow method pressed figure; pressure figure pressure pressure aquifer pressure effect pressure figure; pressed figure pressure fissure pressure fluctuation pressure gauge pressure gradient pressure gradient force pressure maintenance pressure metamorphism pressure mineral pressure pan pressure ridge pressure sounding pressure suture pressure system pressure texture pressure-rift valley pretectionic recrystallization Pretertiary volcanic rocks prevailing westerlies prevailing wind prevomer Priabonian Age priceite priderite priele primaeval world Primary primary arc primary basalt primary body cavity primary coast primary concretion primary consumer primary cortex primary cosmic radiation primary deposit primary dip primary downward changes primary earthquake primary enrichment primary foliation primary form primary fumarole primary gas primary geosyncline primary igneous gneiss primary layer primary joint primary lineation primary magma primary mineral primary mineralization primary mouth primary optic axis primary ore zone primary peneplain primary phase primary porosity primary ray primary reduced zone primary rocks primary septum primary skarn primary skeleton primary soil primary stratification primary structure primary succession primary sulfide zone primary tectogenesis primary tide primary variations in depth primary wave; P wave primary wind primary xylem Primates prime meridian primeval lead; primordial lead primeval rock primitive atmosphere primitive circle primitive form primitive lattice primitive ocean Primofilicales primordial primordial composition primordial dust cloud primordial gases primordial heat principal axis principal axis of symmetry principal earthquake principal etched zone principal flow cleavage principal fold principal glacial age principal ingredient principal joint principal phase principal plane of symmetry principal point principal river principal shock principal strain principal stress principal stress line principal structure principal tectonic stage principal velocity principal vent principal volcano principal wave principle of biologic continuity principle of general relativity principle of organic unity principle of superposition principal refractive indices print priorite priority prism prism of first order prism of second order prism of third order prismatic astrolabe prismatic face prismatic habit prismatic jointing prismatic layer prismatine; prismatite prismatophyllum prismoid body Proanura Proasaphiscus probability paper probable reserve probe probertite problematica Proboscidea Proboscihipparion procambium Procamelus process process lapse rate prochlorite Prochordata procline procoelous vertebra Procompsog nathus proconsul Proconsul atriconus Procynocephalus prod cast; prod mark prodelta clay prodelta deposit prodissoconch producer Procuctella Productellana productivity Productus Profile radius profile; section profile of equilibrium profile shooting profundal fauna Profusulinella progib proglacial deposit proglacial facies proglacial lake proglacial stream prognostic chart; prognotic map progradation prograding shoreline program evolution progressive deformation progressive development progressive deviation progressive evolution progressive metamorphism progressive offlap progressive overlap progressive sand wave progressive wave projected delta projected profile projected topographic profile projection prolate spheroid prolectite proloculum prolongation proluvium prolycopod promethium(Pr) prominence proof proofing process proostracum prootica propagation loss propagation velocity proparea Proparia (trilobitae) proper shock proportional counter proportional limit propylite propylitic facies propylitization prorogeny prosicula Prosimii Prosiphneus Prosmilia Prosobranchia prosopite prospecting rocket protactinium(Pa) protactinium decay method Protade1 protalus rampart Protangiospermae Protapirus Protathyris protected lowland protective colloid protegulum protein protein metabolism proteolite proterobase proterobase spessartite proterogenesis proterogenic rock Proterozic era Proterozoic group prothallial cell prothallium protheite Protista; protistic organisms Protitanotherium proto magma proto type Protoanthropic man Protoanthropic man stage Protoanthropus Protoarticulatae proto-atmosphere Protobatrachus protobitumen protodolomite Proto-blechnum Protobranchia Protobranchiate Gastropods Protobranchiate type Protoceras Protoceratops protochoanites Protochordata protoclase protoclase cleavage protoclastic texture protoconch protocone protocontinent protoconule protocrust protodont type Protodyakonov coefficient protogalactic cloud protogalaxy Protogastropoda protogenesis protogenetic rock; protogenic rock; protogenous rock protogine protohemiptera protohistoric age protohistory Protolepidodendron protolithionite proto-man protomylonite proton proton belt proton magnetometer protonosphere protopetroleum protoplanet protoplasma protoprism Protopteridium protopyramid protore Protorosauria Protorthptera Protospongia protostele Protostomia Protosuchia Protosuchus protosun Prototheria Protozoa Protremata protrocheata proustite provenance province province index provincial characteristic prowersite; prowersose proximal end proximal face proximal side proximate grade proxy-minerals przibramite psammite; psammyte psammite-gneiss psammitic schist psammitic structure Psaronius psephicity psephite; psephyte psephitic structure Pseudamplexus pseudo cross-bedding pseudo nodule pseudo slickensides pseudo-acidity pseudoadiabatic chart pseudoadiabatic condition pseudoadiabatic lapse rate pseudoaldite pseudo-anticline pseudoapatite pseudo-atoll pseudo-azimuthal projection pseudoboleite pseudo-bomb pseudobreccia pseudobrookite pseudo-candle coal Pseudoceratites pseudochitinous test pseudocirque pseudo-cleavage pseudocolumella pseudo-concordance pseudo-conglomerate pseudo-conic projection pseudocotunnite Pseudocreodi pseudo cruralium; notothyrial platform pseudocrystal Pseudoctenis Pseudocycas; Cycadites pseudo-cylindrical projection pseudodeltidium pseudodendritic structure pseudo-diabase pseudo-diorite pseudodoliolina pseudoeutectic texture pseudofossils pseudofront pseudogastrioceras pseudogirdle pseudo-glacial striation pseudogley soil pseudogleyzation pseudogravimetric anomaly pseudogravity pseudohexagonal crystal pseudohexagonal twin pseudohydrothermal solution pseudointerarea pseudoisometric crystal pseudo-kaliophilite pseudokarren (pseudolapies) pseudokettle pseudolagoon pseudolapies; pseudokarren pseudoleucite pseudomalachite pseudomesolite pseudomicroseism Pseudomonotis pseudo-moraine pseudomorph pseudomorphism pseudopisolites pseudo-phenocryst pseudophite pseudoplankton pseudopodium [in Rhizopoda] pseudoporphyritic texture pseudopunctate test pseudoresupinate Pseudoschwagerina pseudoscopic viewing Pseudoscorpionida pseudosolution pseudospherulite pseudospondylium Pseudostaffella pseudostratification Pseudosuchia pseudosymmetry pseudo-syncline pseudotachylite Pseudotirolites pseudo-unconformity Pseudouralinia pseudoviscous flow pseudo-volcanic eruption pseudo-volcanic features pseudo-volcanic phenomena pseudowavellite pseudowollastonite psilomelane Psilophyta Psilophyton psittacinite Psittacosaururs Psocoptera Psychozoic era Psychozoic group psychrometer Pteraspis Pterichthys Pteridospermae Pteridophyta Pteridospermophyta Pteridospermopsida Pterocarya Pterodactyloidea Pterodactylus Pterophyllum pteropod chalky ooze pteropod ooze Pteropoda Pteropsida Pterosauria pterygoid bone Pterygota Pterygotus Ptilograpfidae ptilolite Ptilophyllum Ptilozamites Ptychaspis Ptychoparia Ptychophyllum ptygmatic fold ptygmatic vein pubic bone pucherite puckering pudding granite puddingstone puddle puddle clay pug puglianite Pugnax pulaskite pulaskite oplite pulaskite pegmatite pull-apart pull-apart structure Pulmonata pulp pulp cavity pulsation; pulsatory oscillations pulsation period pulsation system pulsation theory pulse duration pulse interval pulse length pulse recurrence rate pulse width pulverite; pulveryte pulverized limestone pulverulent body pulverulite pumice pumice cone pumice flow pumice sand pumiceous structure pumice-tuff pumpage pumpelly's rule pumping test punctate Punctospirifer pungent taste Puppis Purbeck pure coal; unit coal pure shear pure strain purple copper [ore] purple sand purple stone purpurite push moraine pustulum putrefaction putrid mud pluviometer puy puy type volcano puzzolana; puzzolane; puzzolano; pozzuolan puzzolite P-wave Pycnactidae Pycnactis pycnite pycnocline pycnometer pygidial plate; pygidium pygostyle pyralspite pyramid pyramid of first order pyramid of numbers pyramid of second order pyramid of third order pyramidal face pyramidal hemihedrism; pyramidal hemihedry pyramidal hemimorph pyramidal tetrahedron pyramidal wave pyrandine pyranometer pyrargyrite pyrauxite pyrennean movement pyrgom pyrheliometer pyribole pyrimidine pyrite cinder pyrite deposit pyrite type pyritic bedded deposit pyritization pyritohedron pyritoidal form pyritoides pyritosalite pyroaurite pyrobelonite pyrobitumen pyrobituminous shale pyrochlore; pyrochlorite; pyrrhite pyrochroite pyroclast; pyroclastic material pyroclastic cone pyroclastic debris pyroclastic dike pyroclastic deposit pyroclastic flow pyroclastic flow plateau pyroclastic key bed pyroclastic rock facies pyroclastic rocks pyroclastics pyroconite pyrocrystalline texture pyroelectricity pyrogene; pyrogenetic; pyrogeny; pyrogenous pyrogenetic rock pyrogenetic minerals pyrogenic deposit pyrogenic rocks pyrogenous rock pyrognostic test pyrolith pyrolusite pyromeride pyro-metamorphism pyrometasomatic deposit pyrope pyrophanite pyrophyllite pyropissite pyroretin; pyroretinite pyrorthite pyroschist pyrosclerite pyrosmalite pyrostibite pyrostilpnite pyrotechnite pyrotheria pyroxenes; pyroxene group pyroxene amphibolite pyroxene andesite pyroxene granite pyroxene mangerite pyroxene quartz porphyry pyroxene trachyte pyroxenite (pyroxenolite) pyromangite pyrrhosiderite; goethite pyrrhotine; pyrrhotite pyrrhotite peridotite Q wave Q-joint qarajel quadrant quadrant electrometer quadrantial distribution of initial motion quadrate Quadraticephalus quadratojugale quadrature quadrature spectrum quadrilateral quadriserial quadruple star quake quaking bog qualitative analysis quality factor quality of ground water quantitative analysis quantitative classification quantitative geomorphology quantitative stratigraphic map quantitative system quantity of state quantum evolution quantum number quantum theory quaquaversal dip quaquaversal fold quaquaversal structure quara quarfeloid quarry quarry water quarrying quarter undulation mica plate quarter undulation plate quertering quartile quartile deviation quartz quartz ankerite rock quartz basalt quartz cat's eye quartz clock quartz diorite quartz felsite quartz group quartz keratophyre quartz plate quartz rod quartz latite quartz sand quartz syenite quartz type quartz vein quartz wacke quartz wedge quartz-beraring diabase quartz-biotite-diorite quartz-free porphyry quartziferous rock quartzine quartzite quartzitic sandstone quartzlabradorite-monzonite quartz-mica-diorite-porphyrite quartz-monzonite quartz-muscovite rock quartz-nordmarkite quartzose sandstone quartzose schist quartz-phyllite quartz-porphyry quartz-sericite schist quartz-trachyte quas quasars; quasi-stellar radio sources quasiconformity quasi-craton quasi-craton basin quasicratonic area quasi-cratonic crustal belt quasi-cratonic shelf quasi-equilibrium Quasifusulina quasi-geostrophic approximation quasi-geostrophic equilibrium quasi-hydrostatic approximation quasi-Lagrangian coordinates quasi-levelling quasi-nondivergence quasi-reflection quasi-stationary front quasi-stationary time series quasi-stationary weather type Quasifusulina Quaternary Quaternary ice age Quaternary neotectonics Quaternary Period Quaternary System queluzite quenching method quenselite quenstedtite Quercophyllum Quercus quetenite quibla quick lime quicksand quick silver quick test; rapid test quiescent prominences quiet day geomagnetic variations quiet volcano quintile quisqueite R layer; R horizon raabsite R wave rabal race way race winite Rachytomous Lalyrinthodontia radar radar altimeter radar altitude radar astronomy radar band radar beam radar climatology radar constant radar cross-section radar detection radar duct radar echo radar equation radar hole radar horizon radar indicator radar meteorology radar mile radar range equation radar reflectivity radar report radar signal spectrograph radar theodolite radar system radar triangulation radar upper band radar volume radar wind system radarscope radarsonde raddle radial canal radial costa radial crack radial dike radial displacement radial drainage radial fault radial groove radial movement radial plate radial rift radial shield radial spherulite radial stress radial stripe radial symmetry radial triangulation radiant; radiant point radiant density radiant emittance radiant energy radiant flux radiant flux density radiant intensity radial veins radial velocity radian radiance Radiata radiant heat radiated pyrite radiated structure radiating ridges radiation radiation belt (radiation belt) radiation chart radiation fog radiation laws radiation loss radiation pattern radiation pressure radiation recorder radiation shield radiative diffusivity radiative equilibrium radiator radiatus radicites radicle radio altimeter radio astronomy radio atmometer radio beacon radio beam radio blackout radio burst radio climatology radio direction-finder radio duct radio emission [Saturn] radio energy radio fadeout radio field strength radio frequency radio frequency band radio galaxy radio goniometer radio hole radio horizon radio luminosity radio meteor radio meteorology radio mirage radio noise radio star radio telescope radio theodolite radio wave radioactivation analysis radioactive anomaly radioactive clock radioactive decay radioactive decay series radioactive disintegration radioactive elements radioactive emanation radioactive energy radioactive equilibrium radioactive fallout radioactive gas radioactive heat radioactive isotope radioactive logging radioactive luminescence radioactive mineral spring radioactive radiation radioactive snow-gage radioactive series radioactive thermoluminescence radioactive waste radioactive tracer technique radioactivity radioactivity log radioactivity logging radioactivity prospecting radiocarbon radiocarbon dating radiocolloid radiogenic isotope Radiolaria radiolarian chert radiolaria clay radiolarian earth radiolarian ooze radiolarian slate radiometer radiolarian type radiolitic texture radiological clock radiomaximograph radio-meterograph radiometric age radiometric dating radiometric magnitude radiometry radionuclide radiosonde radiosonde balloon radiosonde commutator radiosonde modulator radiosonde recorder radiosonde transmitter radiosonde-radiowind system radium radiumluminescence radius radius ratio radius vector radome radon detective radula radula teeth rafacelite raffiche rafted ice rafting rageas ragged ceilling raggiatura ragut raimondite rain rain area rain belt rain crust rain day rain [drop] impression; rain print rain erosion rain factor rain hours rain gage rain gush; rain gust rain making rain rill rain shadow rain shower rain spell rain stage rain storm rain wash rainbow rain cloud rain drop [size] spectra raindrop spectrograph raindrop splash raindrop rainfall rainfall coefficient rainfall distribution rainfall duration rainfall effectiveness rainfall frequency rainfall intensity rainfall inversion rainfall regime rainfall reliability rainfall variability rainforest rainforest climate rain-gage shield raininess rain-intensity gage rainmaking rainsplash rainwater rainy climate rainy day season rainy spell; wet-spell raised atoll raised bed river raised delta rake rake vein ralstonite ram penetrometer Ramapithecus ramifications rammelsbergite ramp ramp valley Ramsan dolomite ramsonde rancieite randite random random error random forecast random genetic drift random numbers random orientation random process random sample random variable range range attenuation range chart range delay range distortion range error range finder range gating range marker range of tide range resolution range strobe range wind range-front graben range-height indicator scope rank of coal Rankine-Hugoniot equation Rankine vortex rankinite ransomite raob raphe rapids rare earth elements rarefaction wave rare gas element rare-earth metal rarefaction rascle rashleighite rasping raspite raster Rastrites raster line rate of clock rate-of-rainfall gage rate of runoff rating curve ratio of concentration ratio of discharge rational analysis rational horizon rational index ratio-type lithofacies map rattle stone rauchwacke rauhaugite ravine ravine stream raw humus raw ore rawin rawin target rawinsonde ray ray system ray theory ray tracing ray [velocity] surface raydist Rayleigh atmosphere Rayleigh limit Rayleigh number Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh waves; R-wave rays of the moon razorback reach reaction reaction pair reaction principle reaction rate constant reaction relation reaction rim reaction series reaction skarn reaction system reaction velocity reaction velocity constant reactivated structural bed reactivation reading microscope readout station reagent reagent solution realgar; red arsenic reappear rebat reboyo recco recalcification recapitulation theory receding dental plate receding tide received power receiver recementation Recent recent limestone recent nanno plankton recent neotectonics Recent Period Receptaculites reception basin recess recession recession curve recession of valley sides recession stage recessional moraine recharge recharge area recharge storage recharging well reciprocal strain ellipsoid reclamation reclined fold recoil nucleus recoil streamer recombination recombination time recon reconnaissance survey reconnaissance soil map reconstructed glacier record record observation recorder recording currentmeter recording gauge recording oscillograph recording potentiometer recrystallised limestone recrystallization recrystallization hypothesis recrystallized skarn rectangular coordinates rectangular drainage Recticulum; Rhomboidal Net rectified photo mosaic rectifier rectigradation; Aristogenesis rectilinear drainage rectilinear till ridge rectilinear arrangement rectilinear slope rectimarginate Rectithyris rectorite recumbent anticline recumbent fold; lying fold recurrence recurrence formula recurrence frequency recurrence horizon recurrence interval recurrent fauna recurrent fold recurrent magnetic storm recurvature recurvature of storm red agate red antimony red bed red bed facies red clay red cobalt red copper ore red desert soil red earth; red soil; red loam red giant star red iron ore red iron vitriol red manganese [ore] red mud red ocher red ooze red orpiment; realgar red quartz red rain Red River crystalline zone red sand red sandstone red schorl red shift red silver ore red slate red snow red soil layer red spot Red Spot Hollow red tide red vitriol red wood red zinc ore reddingite reddish-brown lateritic soils reddish brown soil reddish chestnut soil reddish desert soil reddish podsol reddish prairie soil reddish yellow podzolic soil reddle redeposition redeposited loess redge; sunken reef Redlichia Redlichia province Redlichiacea redondite redox potential redruthite reduced coefficient of permeability reduced gravity reduced pressure reduced thickness reduced zone; reduction zone reducing flame reduction reduction color test reduction of gravity reduction of progressive variability reduction ratio reduction to sea level reduzates redwitzite red-yellow podzolic soil red-yellow soil Reech number reed swamp reef reef canal reef cap reef coral reef facies reef flat reef limestone reef patch reef plain reef sediments reef trap reef-building coral reef-covered terrace reef-knoll reentering angle; re-entrant angle reference axis reference ellipsoid (reference spheroid) reference sample reference star reference spheroid; reference ellipsoid reference station reflected buried hill structure reflected image reflected light reflected ray reflected wave reflecting color reflecting goniometer reflecting mirror reflecting stereoscope reflecting telescope reflecting-block folding reflection reflection angle reflection method reflection microscope reflection of polarization reflection pleochroism reflection profiling reflection rainbow reflection shooting reflection twin reflective power reflectivity reflectometer reflector reflux refolded fold refolding refoli refracted angle; refraction angle refracted ray refracting telescope refraction refraction coefficient refraction equivalent refraction method refractive modulus refractivity refractometer refractories; refractory material refractoriness refractory brick refractory clay refractory ore refrigeration salt refringence Refsdal diagram refused ore refusion reg (gravel desert) regelation regenerated crust regenerated crystal regenerated deposit regenerated rock regeneration regeneration theory regenporphyry regime of river regimen region of alimentation region of escape region of melting regional dip regional division regional forecast regional geography regional geology regional geomorphology regional limnology regional melting regional metamorphic belt regional metamorphic deposit regional metamorphic rock regional metamorphism regional strike regional thermal metamorphism regional theory register regional unconformity regosol regradation regraded saline soil regression regression of the node regression phase regressive evolution regressive metamorphism; retrogressive metamorphism; retrograde metamorphism regressive offlap regressive overlap regular coast regular inclusion regular nebula regular reflection regular reflector regular solution regular system Regulata regulation of pumpage regur rehydration reichardtite reinite reitingerite rejected ore rejuvenated fault scarp rejuvenated orogenic zone rejuvenated platform rejuvenated river rejuvenated valley rejuvenation related stream relative angular momentum relative age relative chronology relative consistency relative contour relative coordinate system relative density relative discharge relative displacement relative divergence relative entropy function relative evaporation relative frequency relative gradient current relative gravimetric observation relative growth relative height relative humidity relative hypsography relative isohypse relative measure relative momentum relative motion relative orientation relative parallax relative permeability relative reduction relative relief relative scattering function relative scatter intensity relative snowline relative sunspot number relative velocity relative visibility relative vorticity relativistic cosmology relativistic electron relativity relativity theory relaxation relaxation time relay earthquake relaxation method release fracture release joint released mineral relic relic fauna relic gneiss relic island relic lake relic mountain relic sea relic soils relic species relic texture relics relic structure; relict structure relict bedding relict dike relict effect relict fabric relict landscape relict minerals relict sediment relief relief displacement relief energy relief feature relief inversion relief model relocation reluctance remanent magnetism remigrant foramen remingtonite remnant magnetization remnant stream remobilization remote picture remote sensing technology remote sensor removal correction renardite rend rendzina renewed fault renierite reniform texture rensselaerite rent of displacement reorientation repeated reflection repeated twin repetition repetition frequency repetition of beds repetition of outcrop repetitive faulting repichnia replaceable bases replacement replacement bone replacement deposit replacement remnants replacement vein replacing overlap replat; shoulder replica replica method repose angle repose period repose slope representative basin representative sample repressuring reproductive differentiation reproductive isolation Reptilia reptization repulsive mineral resaturation r'eseau r'eseau mondial resedimentation resequent fault-line scarp resequent stream resequent valley reserve reservoir reservoir bed reservoir behaviour reservoir rock reshabar residence time residual block residual boulder residual charge method residual clay residual concentration residual deposit; residuary deposit residual drawdown residual gravity residual liquid residual magma residual mineral residual mountain residual ore residual organic deposit residual sediment residual soil residual volcanic neck residue resilicification resilifer resin canal; resin duct resin opal resinite resinous luster resinous serpentine; retinalite resistance depth resistance equation resistance quotient resistant layer resistivity resistivity method resistivity profile resolution resolution deposit resolution of forces resolution salt resolved shear stress resolving power resonance resonance scattering resonance trough resonator resorped crystal resorption resorption border resorption schlieren resource respiration respiratory enzyme system responder response method rest mass restoration restoring force restricted transport resultant wind resulting tide resupinate resurgence resurgent caldera resurgent ejecta resurgent gas resurgent vapors resurgent water resurrected erosion surface resurrected fault coast resurrected fault scarp resurrected landscape resurrected peneplain resurrected peneplane shoreline resurrected relief retained water retainer retardation retarding basin retgersite reticular density reticular evolution reticulate cleavage reticulate mottling; reticulated mottle reticulate nummulites reticulated structure reticulated texture reticulated vein reticule reticulite retigradation retinite Retiolites retort clay retreatal moraine retreated movement retreating coast retrogradation retrograde condensation retrograde orbit retrograde phenomenon retrograde rotation retrograde vaporization retrograde wave retrograding shoreline retrogressive erosion retrogressive evolution retroreflection retroreflector return period return signal return streamer return stroke returning well retzbanyite retzian; retzianite revegetation reverberation reverberator furnace reversal of magnetization reverse cell reverse epoch reverse fault; reversed fault reversed arc reversed drag [fold] reversed erosion fault-line scarp reversed fold-fault reversed limb reversed normal fault reversed river reversed stratigraphic sequence reversed tide reversed upthrust reversely-graded bedding reversible process reversing current reversing layer reversion; atavism revived fault revival of erosion revived river revolution rewdinskite reworked fossil reyerite Reynold's number Reynold's stress rezbanyite rhabdacanth rhabdite; schreibersite rhabdophane (rhabdophanite) rhabdophanite; rhabdophane Rhabdosome rhachis Rhacopteris rhaegmageny Rhaetic age rhaetizite Rhaeto-Lias flora rhagite Rhamphorhy nchus Rhaphiophyllum Rhea Rheinisch Massif rhenium rhenium-osmium dating rheoignimbrite rheological property of soil rheology rheology model rheomorphic fold rheomorphism rheoplankton rheotaxis rhizic zone; root zone rhizobium rhincholites Rhinoceros antiquitatis; Rhinoceros tichorhinus Rhinoceros Rhipidoglossa rhizoconcretion; rhizomorph rhizoid rhizomoid Rhizophyllum Rhizopoda rhizosphere Rhodea Rhodesia man rhodite; rhodium gold rhodizite rhodochrome rhodochrosite rhodolite rhodonite Rhodophyceae rhodophyllite Rhodophyta rhoenite rhoenite basalt rhombic base rhombic brachy-prism rhombic brachy-pyramid rhombic dipyramid rhombic dipyramidal class rhombic disphenoid rhombic disphenoidal class rhombic dodecahedron rhombic feldspar nepheline syenite rhombic feldspar syenite rhombic hemimorphic class rhombic holohedral class rhombic interference ripple rhombic macro-prism rhombic macro-pyramid rhombic pore; pore-rhomb rhombic prism rhombic prismatic class rhombic projection rhombic pyramid rhombic pyramidal class rhombic section rhombic sphenoid rhombic sphenoidal class rhombic sphenoidal hemihedry rhombic symmetry rhombic system rhombic unit prism rhombic unit pyramid rhombic feldspar analcite trachyte Rhombifera rhomboclase; rhomboclasite rhomboclasite; (rhomboclase) rhombohedral tetartohedrism rhombohedral axis rhombohedral carbonates rhombohedral class rhombohedral drainage rhombohedral enantiomorphic hemihedral class rhombohedral hemihedrism; rhombohedral hemihedry rhombohedral holohedral class rhombohedral lattice rhombohedral subsystem rhombohedral system rhombohedral tetartohedral class rhombohedral tetartohedry rhombohedron rhombohedron of the first order rhomboid ripple mark rhomb [en]-porphyry rhombus baseline rhumb line Rhynchocephalia Rhyhchonellacea Rhynchosaurus Rhynia rhyodacite rhyodiabasic texture rhyocrystal rhyodacite rhyodiabasic texture rhyolite rhyolite-pitchstone rhotaxitic texture rhythm rhythmic fluctuation rhythmic percipitation rhythmic succession rhythmite ria shoreline ria coast rib rib furrow riband jasper riband stone ribbed canal ribbed moraine ribbon bomb ribbon diagram ribbon lightning ribbon reef ribbon rock ribbon structure Richardson number richetite richterite ricolettaite rider ridge ridge aloft ridge line ridge type ridged beach plain ridgelike fold ridge fault ridged ice riebeckite riebeckite aplite riebeckite aplite-granite riebeckite granite riebeckite syenite riebeckite-microgranite riebeckite-quartz-keratophyre Riecke's law of crystallization Riecke's principle riedel riedenite riefne riegel riesenflaser structure riffle riffle sampler rift rift block rift block basin rift block mountain rift block valley rift mountain rift system rift valley rift zone rift-valley lake right ascension right coiling right handed fault right handed separation; right lateral separation right-handed crystal right-handed en echelon folding right-handed polarization right-handed quartz right sphere rigidity rill rill erosion; rill wash rill mark rill of the moon rille rilled stone rillet rim rim deposit rim syncline rime rime fog rime ice rimstone rind ice ring caral ring current ring dike ring fault ring fracture ring furrow ring nebula ring of fire ring ore ring reef ring structure Ringelmann chart ring-fracture stoping ringite ringite pegmatite rings of saturn rinkite rinkolite; mosandrite rinneite rip rip current rip tide ripidolite; aphrosiderite; prochlorite ripe ripple ripple cross-lamination ripple index; ripple mark index ripple mark rippled slope rippled surface rise rise pit riser rising coast rising nappe risoerite Riss glacial age; Riss glaciation Rissoacea Riss-W?rm interglacial age rittingerite river river bank river basin river bed river bottom river capture; river piracy river course river density river deposit river deposition river discharge river engineering river facies river forecast river gage river gravel river head river ice river inversion river lake river level river load river mouth river order river plain river regime river source river stage river swamp river terrace river terrace deposit river tide river transportation river valley river width riversideite riversiderite rivulet rizzonite road cut roaring forties roasting method robinsonite Robitzsch actinograph Rocelle salt Roche density Roche limit roche moutonnees rock rock arch rock asphalt rock avalanche rock bar rock basin rock bench rock breaking rock burst rock cleavage rock creep rock crystal rock debris rock desert; hammada rock drumlin rock dust rock fall rock erosion rock fan rock floor rock flour; rock meal rock formation rock forming element rock forming mineral rock fracture rock glacier (rock stream) rock gypsum rock knob rock mechanics rock milk rock nest rock niche rock oil rock pillar rock plain rock pressure rock ridge rock river terrace rock section method rock series rock shachiang rock slide rock soap rock step rock stream rock terrace rock type rock unit rock waste rock wreath rockallite rockallite porphyry rockbridgeite rockair rocket rocket lighting rocket sonde rock-glacier creep rock-defended terrace rockoon Rocky geosyncline rodding structure Rodentia rodingite rodite roe stone; oolite roeblingite Roentgen ray roepperite Rogers symbol roll roll cloud roll cumulus rollability rollability curve rollability diagram rolled out rolled-up pebble roller mill method rollers rolling